I asked myself what is the pur... free essay sample

I asked myself what is the purpose of shaming an individual. Who has the right to shame another person? Why do you shame someone? What are the results of shaming? With these questions in mind, I decided to find answers. One thing I do know shaming is ageless and can be used as a tool to alter a persons thinking and behavior, intentionally or unintentionally. SituationGiving the above definitions, I get that shaming is to get people to do what you want them to do; if not, that person would be humiliated, ostracized and etc. An example of shaming (intentionally and unintentionally) would be my little sister named Mary. She is 5 years old. Mary is very intelligent, pretty and playful. Yet, she is always getting into stuff. She loves following me around and sometimes it can be annoying. I have two other siblings but they are teens. One particular day my mother, my siblings and I went to the Mall. We will write a custom essay sample on I asked myself what is the pur or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mary was in a very playful mood. We were in a dress shop and Mary decided to hide underneath the clothing rack. We became frantic when we did not see her. She looked all over the store while she watched us. Finally, she jumped up from underneath the clothing rack laughing. We were so upset with her. My mother scolded her badly as people in the store watched. She told Mary that she knew better; she was to big to act like that; whats wrong with you; youre in punishment, etc. Mary, not understanding what she did was wrong, looked around at everyone, who was looking at her began to cry. She looked and felt shameful and hurt she buried her faced in our mothers coat like an ostrich sticking its head in a hold in the ground.AnalysisIn analyzing the situation, I felt hurt, helpless and embarrassed for Mary. I just wanted to hug her, but I knew that my mother was upset, frantic and anger because she thought her daughter was missing. Yet, I felt that my mother could have handled the situation better. Mary is only five, and had no idea that her actions (hiding from us) would cause a negative reaction (Mom being angry). In my opinion, I believe one reason why my Mom reacted the way she did because she was embarrassed by what people thought (losing a child). My mother probably thought that shaming Mary would get her to behave (control behavior).

Letter to the President †Letter about the Education System

Letter to the President – Letter about the Education System Free Online Research Papers Dear President Obama: I am writing to ask you to inform you of some issues in our education system. This is vital for the future of our children; I think we need to address these issues now. First of all I think you really need to sit down and take a look at our education system. There are a lot of problems to many for me to even talk about today, but you need to re-evaluate the way our whole educational system is implemented. The first thing I would like to bring to your attention is being that we need to make sure every school is taught the same way. The second thing that needs to be discussed is that the how much funding a school gets is based on test scores and how well the school scores. Schools are focused on getting better test scores than actually teaching. For starters why should some children be taught one way at one school and then in the next town over the kids are learning in a totally different way. For example in my readings I came across a very good writing about the social classes of schools he writes about four different social classes in the education system. The working class school (most of the families are below federal poverty lines) â€Å"work is following the steps of a procedure. The procedure is usually mechanical, involving rote behavior and very little decision making or choice†. (pg 177) Another thing he mentioned about the lower class school is how they did a science experiment in the class performed, by the teacher then the answer was wrote on the board for the class to copy. Giving the students no chance to come to their own conclusions on what the results of the experiment were. The second class is the middle class (is made up of blue collar workers and higher paid workers). â€Å"The middle-class s chool, work is getting the answer right. If one accumulates enough right answers, one gets a good grade. One must follow directions to get the right answer. (pg 180) In this class the children are basically taught to follow orders because they are thought to grow up and work in a blue collar job and having to follow bosses orders. The third affluent professional school (parents who have a higher income and are mostly professional) â€Å"In the affluent professional school, work is creative activity carried out independently. The students are continually asked to express and apply ideas and concepts. Work involves individual thought and expressiveness, expansion and illustration of ideas and choice of appropriate method and material†. (pg182) This is the best out of all the classes the children learn in an enriching environment and have choices they also get involved in their education. The fourth class is the executive elite school (fathers are executives in major corporation s) â€Å"In the executive elite school, work is developing one’s analytical intellectual powers. Children are continually asked to reason through a problem, to produce intellectual products that are both logically sound and of top academic quality†. (pg185) Looking at this you can see how differently our children are being taught based on were there go to school. This needs to change and I think you are the perfect president to do something about it. President Bush did take one step in the right direction with the no kid left behind act but that barely touched the surface of the problems that we have. The second problem that I think you need to take a look at is the money issues with education. School has become all about test scores, no more about teaching skills required. The main focus in schools now is to make sure all students pass tests such as the SAT. Bushs No Child Left Behind Act doesnt make much of a difference either, students learn how to take a test, not necessarily anything else other than techniques needed to correctly answer questions. You can have a student study every little detail for the SAT. But it doesnt mean anything when you put them in the real world. Students arent evaluating and criticizing what they learn anymore. money is the cause of this problem. Money is the primary cause schools are about testing rather than about learning. More specifically, it is how the government distributes money to the districts that causes this problem. The government distributes money to schools in the district according to their respective students grades on tests. Bette r scores on tests is more money for the district. No it has come to the point where school isnt about learning anymore. Its all about memorization of information and getting good test scores. School didnt intend to be a foundation of testing rather than teaching relevant issues for peoples lives.We need to make them conscious of this, we are being tested for the wrong reason. The test is just telling the teachers what they want to hear. Money has always been one of the biggest issues with the education system but now it has become a fight for who gets more money based on. How are your children supposed to get the best education if they are learning from old texted books? How come we have money for guns and supplies for the war in Iraq but we can’t give our schools money for highly qualified teachers or for new books and supplies. If we don’t care enough to give the children supplies and books why should they care and go to school. Teachers don’t care about teaching because there are not receiving high enough salaries, and also aren’t being given the supplies necessary to deliver a quality education to the students. Also I think we need to have more governmental regulations on were and how the schools spend the money there are given. Well thank you for listening to what I have to say about how to reform our education system in America. I have pointed out that all the children need to be taught in the same manner no matter where they go to school. I also briefly discussed are money problems in the educational system. I hope now that you are aware of the issues at hand you can make a change for the better. Thank you for your support. Research Papers on Letter to the President - Letter about the Education SystemStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneTrailblazing by Eric AndersonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

An Investigation Into E-marketing Strategies That Could Be Applied to Literature review

An Investigation Into E-marketing Strategies That Could Be Applied to a Failing DVD & Rental Company - Literature review Example However this could be done by the promotion of the company through e-mail messages. The company has to structure a proper opt-in list through e-mail and make awareness to receipt of the emails. Network marketing is the fourth form in which the relationship would develop only within a specific network of people, both individuals as well as the company people. There would be less scope for this in case of the DVD rentals. Blogs may also be written about the brand to make awareness about the products or the various kinds of services so that the people get necessary feedback about the brand (McQuail, 2005, pp. 45-67). E-marketing on the other hand would be the new entrant in the group in which the marketing would take place by means of the internet, through the social websites or the other popular websites that people access. There are several reasons are contributing to the success of e-marketing. The authors like Davis and Abhor have recognised the worldwide acceptance of the credibili ty of information technology. The firms that are operating on a large scale find it easier to integrate their processes with information technology (Davis and Arbor, 1989, pp. 318–340). Studies have proved that the companies that have that have taken the help of the Database Marketing and Network Marketing and have integrated it with the e-marketing strategies have performed in a much better manner. The e marketing strategies can be best implemented depending on the age group that would access a particular website. For example the social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter would have acceptability among the young as well as the old people and therefore particular advertisements should be on the specific pages to... This paper stresses that Marketer’s around the world use a number of Technologies for their E-marketing strategies. Social Media is a powerful tool for E-marketing their products or services to specific groups. Business use different social media marketing platforms like Facebook, Twitter etc. to help their product reach the customers. This report makes a conclusion that nowadays most of the markets use Facebook online Marketing platform to target their customer segments. Facebook keeps updating their features year on year to improve their advertising portal, so that the business community adopts the platform for their marketing strategy. Over the year Facebook has been the most successful social media Technology. The e marketing strategies can be best implemented depending on the age group that would access a particular website. Pinterest is a content sharing service which allows their members to pin videos, images to their pin boards. It reminds us of the importance of such pictures and videos in reaching out to their customers. Text may convey a messed abut it is said that a picture has more impact as compared to text. The author of the report declares that E-mailing for E-marketing is not new in the Internet. Nowadays most of the companies try to avoid sending emails to their target customer because they donâ⠂¬â„¢t eventually grab attention of them. They either fall in the spam box or the customers delete them with a degree of annoyance. But using this company can gain information from them and do research on their part to know what works on their subscriber and what does not.

Acquiring Business Communication Skills Necessary for Business Essay - 3

Acquiring Business Communication Skills Necessary for Business Graduates - Essay Example Since the beginning of time, human beings have interacted by using various methods of communication such as verbal and nonverbal cues, in an effort to understand each other and cooperate through different tasks. Communication can be described as the process of imparting, participating and conveying information from one individual to another using an appropriate channel. Communication involves four elements, which include the sender, the message, the channel and the recipient. In the business world, managers and employees need to communicate effectively in order to work towards achieving the organisation’s goals and objectives (Cheesebro, Linda and Francisco 4). General communication skills refer to the basic communication competences that people use in the society or family settings. General communication skills are necessary for effective interaction with others in an informal context. They help individuals to understand people and situations, resolve conflicts, show affection, build trust and establish serene environments that promote healthy interaction. General communication skills include nonverbal communication skills and verbal communication skills (Worth 6). Verbal communication skills consist of speaking and listening skills. In various contexts, normal communication process mainly involves conversations where words are used to exchange of ideas, views and information. For the individuals involved to understand each other during a conversation, intelligible speech has to be made and the recipients need to listen in order to comprehend the message. Speaking skills involve articulating one’s words to be brief, clear and concise (Robinson, Jeanne and Robert). This helps the recipients to understand each word and process it to form meaning. One also needs to use the right tone and volume when speaking in order to show

Information System Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Information System Strategy - Assignment Example The use of IT has been found to have many significant benefits spanning across all types of businesses and also across all the departments in any organization. IT has proven benefits for managerial, staff and employees and greatly improves the production and services offered by all business. Information technology has been found to impact greater flexibility in obtaining the required information. Access to internet and communication facilities results to litheness in most services offered by firms. Education, consultancy and health facility can be offered anywhere. Versatility is also improved by use of information technology. Different products and services are now offered in different forms and the outcome is greatly enhanced. Simplicity, enhancing security, opening regional and international markets, fostering cooperation among employees, improving services and products produced, providing panels for feedback information, promoting sales and marketing, reduction of labour costs ar e some of the major advantages of information technology. This paper evaluates the effects of information technology on the main areas of a business. This involves improving accessibility of information to employees, continuation of business, enhancing information availability and changing of the organization structure (Thorp, 1999i). Information technology enhances employee's collaboration w... Employees and members of staff can access company data through the use of broadband modem and to the desktop computer. This is coupled with the rapid development in methods of securing the network such that the information sent is private, secure and only accessed to those who have rights to view it. Mobile phones have also rapidly developed from the first generation phone to 3G (third generation) phone that have internet capabilities and multimedia services enabling workers to use their phone to access information. One such phone is the blackberry mobile phone that allows users to gain access to information from both the intranet and the internet. Black berry enterprise solution enables enterprises gain the wireless infrastructure that fosters cooperation among the employees, enhances the corporate culture and also inculcates adaptability and efficiency on the services offered by the firm. The use of mobile phone enables small and big firms gain pivotal managerial and product inform ation for any type of business irrespective of its size. Security issues by the blackberry have developed to a point where two factor authentication is now been used towards a secure wireless network. Through the use of this phone, employees and members of staff can access customer updates, office information, inventory updates, billing reports and notification of imperative business events information wherever they are (blackberry, 2006ii). These technologies have been applied in many organizations. Doctors and nurses can access vital patient record and information through the use PDA connected to the hospital via a server. This enhances sharing of information by both the doctors,

Consolidation of City and County Government

Consolidation of City and County Government Most people have very busy lives, we own businesses, have families, and jobs. Running for a political office takes a lot of time and money and typically only the â€Å"rich† or â€Å"well off† have the disposable income, and time to run for a political office. Citizens do like to be involved in government to a certain extent, but typically only when issues strikes home with them such as smoking in public places, sexual predators in the neighborhoods, drug free school zones, etc. The fundamental difference between a mayor and a city manager is that mayors are elected officials and managers are not.A City manager is typically appointed by mayors and city councils on the basis of the manager’s background, education and past experience. Elected officials often expect that a manager’s decisions and actions will be guided by professionalism, ethical principles, and the will of the city council. A mayor is the â€Å"front man† on all local issues, they are expected to be aware of the issues facing them (city/county issues), and to be able to deal directly with these issues. For example, James Knowles is the Mayor of Ferguson, MO, Since the shooting death of Michael Brown the city of Ferguson has been subject to mass protests, hacking and looting. Knowles has pleaded with the looters to stop, has canceled protests, and told the media â€Å"We want people to have faith in the process.† Earlier he had defended the officers’ policing of the looting, saying â€Å"The officers did their best. They’re only human.† (heavy.com, 2014). A city manager has a somewhat varying role in government today. Some city managers envision themselves as policy managers; others see themselves as administrative managers, a prudent city manager should not wish to appear as a policymaker even if they are so inclined to be. A city manager oftentimes must roll with many of the city councils ideas as they depend on them to keep them in their position. Just a few years ago in my town, Jim Bourey, a city manager resigned due to may disagreements with the Greenville city council, Bourey said his resignations was forced. In this case, theres a comfort level that the manager needs to have and council needs to have with the manager, and that wasnt where they wanted to be. (foxcarolina.com, 2010). Mayors are free to engage in political activities, as it is required of them to represent their political affiliations; Mayors are elected because of their politics, even if/when they hold nonpartisan positions. Mayors are, in short, living examples of the local democracy at work. City managers are not free to be Republican or Democratic managers; City managers are required to represent the bureaucracy, and the decisions made by the elected mayor of their jurisdiction and city council. A City Manager that strays into the political arena lack the legitimacy endowed by an election, not to mention good survival instincts (weshare.cityofalbany.net, 2009) References: Politics in states and communities (Rev: 14): Pearson Education (10/15/2012) Dye, T. R., MacManus, S. A. heavy.com, www.heavy.com/news/2014/08/ferguson-mayor-james-knowles-michael-brown- shooting/, Accessed 26 December 2014 foxcarolina.com, www.foxcarolina.com/story/14756034/greenville-city-manager-jim-bourey-resigns-4-19-20 10#ixzz3MzB9QJmX, accessed 26 December 2014 weshare.cityofalbany.net, www.weshare.cityofalbany.net/2009/10/09/the-difference-between-mayors-and-city-managers/, Accessed December 26, 2014 After the end of the Second World War the United States experienced unprecedented population growth that to this day has shaped the social and political landscape of the country, and changed how and where many Americans live. Known as the baby boom, this population expansion took place between the years 1946 and 1964, with the peak occurring in 1957. The elevated birthrate, unparalleled in American history, added more than 50 million babies by the end of the 1950s. (countrystudies.us, 1998). And with this tremendous growth Americans developed their love affair with the automobile. Up until the Second World War many people had lived in cities with dense populations, after the war many wanted to have a piece of the â€Å"American Dream† and started moving in droves to what was once known as the countryside into what was becoming known as the suburb. Suburbs have grown incrementally since the end of the war, but the most significant works have been since the 1970’s. The suburbanization of American was primarily driven by two things, one that I previously mentioned being the motorcar and the second being the development of interstate highways and expressways. On June 29, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The bill created a 41,000-mile â€Å"National System of Interstate and Defense Highways† that would, according to Eisenhower, eliminate unsafe roads, inefficient routes, traffic jams and all of the other things that got in the way of â€Å"speedy, safe transcontinental travel.† At the same time, highway advocates argued, â€Å"in case of atomic attack on our key cities, the road net [would] permit quick evacuation of target areas.† For all of these reasons, the 1956 law declared that the construction of an elaborate expressway system was â€Å"essential to the national interest.†Ã‚  (history.com, 2014) Some of the governing issues that arose from the urbanization of the countryside were very basic in nature, such as how to police such a large area, typically there is the town police force that dealt with issues in town and did not stray too far from their assigned areas, this developed two new police force expansions one within the local sheriff’s department, by giving them a broader scope within the county they served as well as the growth of the state police department which had far superior jurisdiction statewide. Other issues of the suburban sprawl had to do with the provision of services such as electricity, water and sewage, as well as garbage collection and fire and rescue department’s expansion. (McManus, 2012, p421) In my humble opinion it seems that the best way to govern metropolitan areas is through a consolidation of the management system and services offered to the citizens of the city/county, as many of the services offered are fragmented at best, for example, in my hometown of Greenville, SC the city has a paid fire department and ambulance service that has 24/7 shifts and recently on the news they stated that the typical wait time for a 911 call response for either of those services was about 9 minutes, the flip side of this is that I live in the same county, but in the suburbs, there was an occurrence with one of my neighbors that required me to call for an ambulance, now we are a ways out of the city so we have a volunteer fire/rescue department, the response time for that call was over 20 minutes, granted it was a non-life threatening issue, but still required transport to the hospital. Would a centralized service have narrowed that time down, I don’t know, but I am sure that i f the service were centralized then the time could possibly have been shortened. Other examples of services offered by the city but not by the county are water sewer services, the city has a water service, the county does not, so my water comes from a well, is the water better from a well, maybe, but I still have to pay for the well to be dug, the water softener chemicals and if it were to go dry I would be out another $2000 to have a well dug. In this case it would cost the city to extend the water services 10 miles out of town and to provide the infrastructure to support it (pumping stations, etc.) that cost would obviously be supported by an increase in taxation, or the cost amortized over X amount of months in billing cycles, but I would not have the overriding concerns of a well running dry. I would support a consolidation of city and county services as I feel that in the long run it would be beneficial to all of the residents of the county and city regardless of what the actual service provided is. References: Politics in states and communities (Rev: 14): Pearson Education (10/15/2012) Dye, T. R., MacManus, S. A. countrystudies.us, www.countrystudies.us/united-states/history-114.htm, accessed 26 December 2014 history.com, www.history.com/topics/interstate-highway-system, accessed 26 December 2014

John D. Rockefeller Essay -- Standard Oil Company Biography Essays

John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 - May 23, 1937) was the guiding force behind the creation and development of the Standard Oil Company, which grew to dominate the oil industry and became one of the first big trusts in the United States, thus engendering much controversy and opposition regarding its business practices and form of organization. Rockefeller also was one of the first major philanthropists in the U.S., establishing several important foundations and donating a total of $540 million to charitable purposes. Rockefeller was born on farm at Richford, in Tioga County, New York, on July 8, 1839, the second of the six children of William A. and Eliza (Davison) Rockefeller. The family lived in modest circumstances. When he was a boy, the family moved to Moravia and later to Owego, New York, before going west to Ohio in 1853. The Rockefellers bought a house in Strongsville, near Cleveland, and John entered Central High School in Cleveland. While he was a student he rented a room in the city and joined the Erie Street Baptist Church, this later became the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church. Rockefeller started to work at the age of 16 as a clerk in a small produce firm. After that he formed a partnership in a grain commission house. Cleveland was a good place to organize "something big" in the oil business. There were two major east-west railroads in Cleveland. Also, Cleveland was on Lake Erie, which was big enough for large ships to harbor. This made it possible to transport the oil easily. Rockefeller was determined to make Cleveland the center of oil business. Before he was able to accomplish this feat, he would eventually create the largest oil company in the world in Cleveland, titled "Standar... ...he created are the Rockefeller Foundation, Rockefeller Institute, the General Education Board, and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial. Today the Rockefeller name lives on through the institutions he founded. John D. Rockefeller started with very little, amassed a fortune, and then gave back to the country that made it possible for him to be so successful. To sum this all up Rockefeller created extremely successful companies, he used what are now corrupt methods in some aspects of his corporation building to get to the top. The success of the Standard Oil Company is credited to the fact that its owners ran them with great authority. In this very competitive time period, many new businesses were being formed. It took talented businessmen such as Rockefeller to get ahead and keep the companies running and make the fortunes that were made during this period.

The Crude Art of Policy Making

Lessons: The Crude Art of Policy Making All over the world, the price of crude oil experiences wide price swings in times of shortage or oversupply just like other commodities. The crude oil cycle may extend over several years responding to changes in demand and supply. In this paper, we intend to discuss the dynamics and impact in the economy, and how the central banks respond to a rise in oil price. To be able to understand the dynamics of adjustment of oil price, we use the economic diagram of aggregate demand and supply given by D1 and S1 respectively in the left hand graph, where the points they intersect signify that the economy is in equilibrium. In the graph, Q1 is the output at the natural level of output and implies the price, P1. Based on the graph, the shift on aggregate supply curve to the left, to S2 is caused by the firm who imports crude Graph1. The impact of higher oil prices. oil. If the price of importing crude oil is high, then the firm’s production costs will also increase. As a result, it reduces profit so they supply fewer goods and services. This can also relate according to Blanchard, using the equation: P = Pe (1+?) F(1- u,z) where, u = unemployment rate ? = mark up of the price over nominal wage Pe = expected price level In this equation, given the Pe, the increase in the price of oil shows an increase in the mark up, ?. The increase in the mark up will lead the firms to increase their prices, leading to an increase in the price level, P, at any level of output, Q. Then, the aggregate supply curve shifts up or move to the left. In addition, the aggregate demand curve also moves left, to D2. The increase in the price of oil leads the firms to increase their price which decrease the demand and output. As a result, the consumers would be resulted in lower rates of consumption due to increase in the price level. Thus, economy suffers both a negative supply shock and negative demand shock. Over time, output decreases further and the price level increase further. Now we know the impact of the increase of price of oil in the economy. Second we want to know is how the central bank responds in this issue. According to the article, higher oil prices are neither inflationary nor deflationary in themselves. It depends upon how the monetary policy reacts. Based on the right-hand graph, it shows how policy responded after the 1973-74 oil price shock. This will attempt to prevent output falling. For example, based on the article, America’s Federal funds rate was cut from 11% in mid 1974 to less than 6% in 1975, resulting in sharply negative real interest rates. In effect, this shifts the demand curve to the right, to D3, with same output at Q1. But still, the price tends to increase to P3. To hold the inflation down, central banks must increase interest rates. On the left hand graph, this implies a further leftward shift in the demand curve and shows a larger decrease of output. Take note an increase in interest rates does not necessary imply a tightening of policy of inflation which caused by higher oil prices. According to the article, central banks need to raise interest rates to simply keep real interest rates stable. To be able to increase interest rates, there should be a sign of a rise in the core of inflation, excluding the energy prices. In Europe, the increase in inflation tends to spill over into wages compare in America because of less flexible labour markets. So the European Central Bank (ECB) will be more cautious when the oil prices increase. In addition, central banks must know the recurring position of the economy to know if they need to increase interest rates. If the economy is slack, the bigger the risk that increase in crude oil will quickly affect the wages and that firms will be able to pass on higher costs. In contrast, when economy is weak and the oil price decrease then it tends to risks of deflation, the central bank will cut the rates.

Presidential Bill Signing Statements - Purposes and Legality

Presidential Bill Signing Statements - Purposes and Legality A bill signing statement is an optional written directive issued by the President of the United States upon signing a bill into law. Signing statements are typically printed along with the text of the bill in the United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCCAN). Signing statements typically begin with the phrase â€Å"This bill, which I have signed today†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and continue with a synopsis of the bill and several paragraphs of often-political commentary on how the bill should be enforced. In his article Imperial Presidency 101-the Unitary Executive Theory, Civil Liberties Guide Tom Head refers to presidential signing statements as being documents in which the president signs a bill but also specifies which parts of a bill he or she actually intends to enforce. On the face of it, that sounds terrible. Why even have Congress go through the legislative process if presidents can unilaterally re-write the laws it enacts? Before flatly condemning them, there are some things you need to know about presidential signing statements. Source of the Power   The presidents legislative power to issue signing statements is based in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution, which states that the president shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed... Signing statements are considered to be one way in which the president faithfully executes the laws passed by Congress. This interpretation is supported by the U.S. Supreme Courts 1986 decision in the case of Bowsher v. Synar, which held that ... interpreting a law enacted by Congress to implement the legislative mandate is the very essence of execution of the law. Purposes and effect of signing statements In 1993, the Department of Justice attempted to define the four purposes for presidential signing statements and the constitutional legitimacy of each: To simply explain what the bill will do and how it will benefit the people: No controversy here.To instruct the responsible Executive Branch agencies on how the law should be administered: This use of signing statements, says the Justice Department, is constitutional and is upheld by the Supreme Court in Bowsher v. Synar. Executive Branch officials are legally bound by the interpretations contained in presidential signing statements.To define the presidents opinion of the laws constitutionality: More controversial than the first two, this use of the signing statement typically has one of at least three sub-purposes: to identify certain conditions under which the president thinks all or parts of the law could be ruled unconstitutional; to frame the law in a manner that would save it from being declared unconstitutional; to state that the entire law, in the presidents opinion, unconstitutionally usurps his authority and that he will refuse to enforce it.Through Republican and Democrati c administrations, the Department of Justice has consistently advised presidents that the Constitution gives them the authority to refuse to enforce laws they believed to be clearly unconstitutional, and that expressing their intent through a signing statement is a valid exercise of their constitutional authority.On the other hand, it has been argued that it is the president’s constitutional duty to veto and refuse to sign bills he or she believes to be unconstitutional. In 1791, Thomas Jefferson, as the nation’s first Secretary of State, advised President George Washington that the veto â€Å"is the shield provided by the constitution to protect against the invasions of the legislature [of] 1. the rights of the Executive 2. of the Judiciary 3. of the states and state legislatures.† Indeed, past presidents including Jefferson and Madison have vetoed bills on constitutional grounds, even though they supported the bills’ underlying purposes. To create a type of legislative history intended to be used by the courts in future interpretations of the law: Criticized as an attempt by the president to actually invade Congress turf by taking an active part in the law-making process, this is clearly the most controversial of all the uses for signing statements. The president, they argue, attempts to amend legislation passed by Congress through this type of signing statement. According to the Justice Department, the legislative history signing statement originated in the Reagan Administration. In 1986, then-Attorney General Meese entered into an arrangement with the West Publishing Company to have presidential signing statements published for the first time in the U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, the standard collection of legislative history. Attorney General Meese explained the purpose of his actions as follows: To make sure that the Presidents own understanding of whats in a bill is the same . . . or is given consideration at the time of statutory construction later on by a court, we have now arranged with the West Publishing Company that the presidential statement on the signing of a bill will accompany the legislative history from Congress so that all can be available to the court for future construction of what that statute really means. The Department of Justice offers views both supporting and condemning presidential signing statements through which presidents seems to take an active role in the lawmaking process: In Support of Signing Statements  Ã‚   The president has a constitutional right and political duty to play a integral role in the legislative process. Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution requires that the president shall from time to time recommend to [Congress] Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. Further, Article I, Section 7 requires that to become and actual law, a bill requires the presidents signature. If he [the president] approve it he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated. In his widely acclaimed The American Presidency, 110 (2d ed. 1960), author Clinton Rossiter, suggests that over time, the president has become a sort of prime minister or third House of Congress. . . . [H]e is now expected to make detailed recommendations in the form of messages and proposed bills, to watch them closely in their tortuous progress on the floor and in committee in each house, and to use every honorable means within his power to persuade . . . Congress to give him what he wanted in the first place. Thus, suggests the Justice Department, it may be appropriate for the president, through signing statements, to explain what his (and Congress) intention was in making the law and how it will be implemented, particularly if the administration had originated the legislation or played a significant part in moving it through Congress. Opposing Signing Statements The argument against a president using signing statements to alter Congress intent as to meaning and enforcement of new laws is once again based in the constitution. Article I, Section 1 clearly states, All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Not in a Senate and House and a president. Along the long road of committee consideration, floor debate, roll call votes, conference committees, more debate and more votes, the Congress alone creates the legislative history of a bill. It can also be argued that by attempting to reinterpret or even nullify parts of a bill which he has signed, the president is exercising a type of line-item veto, a power not currently bestowed on presidents. Tough the practice pre-dates his administration, some of the signing statements issued by President George W. Bush were criticized for including language that too extensively changing the meaning of the bill. In July 2006, a task force of the American Bar Association stated that the use of signing statements to modify the meaning of duly enacted laws serves to â€Å"undermine the rule of law and our constitutional system of separation of powers.† Summary The recent use of presidential signing statements to functionally amend legislation passed by Congress remains controversial and is arguably not within the scope of powers granted to the president by the Constitution. The other less controversial uses of signing statements are legitimate, can be defended under the Constitution and can be useful in the long-term administration of our laws. Like any other power, however, the power of presidential signing statements can be abused.

The Layers of a Forest From Floor to Canopy

The Layers of a Forest From Floor to Canopy Forests are habitats in which the trees are the dominant form of vegetation. They occur in many regions and climates around the globe- the tropical rainforests of the Amazon basin, the temperate forests of eastern North America, and the boreal forests of northern Europe are just a few examples. Species Composition The species composition of a forest is often unique to that forest, with some forests consisting of many hundreds of species of trees while others consist of just a handful of species. Forests are constantly changing and progress through a series of successional stages during which species composition changes within the forest. Thus, making general statements about forest habitats can be difficult. Yet despite the variability of our planets forests, there are some basic structural characteristics that many forests share- characteristics that can help us to better understand both forests and the animals and wildlife that inhabit them. The Layers of a Forest Mature forests often have several distinct vertical layers. These include: Forest floor layer:  The  forest floor  is often blanketed with decaying leaves, twigs, fallen trees, animal scat, moss, and other detritus. The forest floor is where recycling occurs, fungi, insects, bacteria, and earthworms are among the many organisms that break down waste materials and ready them for reuse and recycling throughout the forest system.Herb layer:  The  herb layer  of the forest is dominated by herbaceous (or soft-stemmed) plants such as grasses, ferns, wildflowers, and other ground covers. Vegetation in the herb layer often gets little light and in forests with thick canopies, shade tolerant species are predominant in the herb layer.Shrub layer: The shrub layer is characterized by woody vegetation that grows relatively close to the ground. Bushes and brambles grow where enough light passes through the canopy to support shrub growth.Understory layer: The understory of a forest consists of immature trees and small trees that are shorter than the main canop y level of the tree. Understory trees provide shelter for a wide range of animals. When gaps form in the canopy, often times understory trees take advantage of the opening and grow to fill in the canopy. Canopy layer:  The canopy is the layer where the crowns of most of the forests trees meet and form a thick layer.Emergent layer:  Emergents are trees whose crowns emerge above the rest of the canopy. Mosaic of Habitats These different layers provide a mosaic of habitats and enable animals and wildlife to settle into various pockets of habitat within the overall structure of a forest. Different species use the various structural aspects of the forest in their own unique ways. Species might occupy overlapping layers within a forest but their use of those layers might occur at different times of the day so that they do not compete with one another.

Critically analyse the concepts of mentorship, supervision and Essay

Critically analyse the concepts of mentorship, supervision and assessment and their role in inflencing the quality of the learning environment in clinical pract - Essay Example plenty of definitions including some handy, sound-bite sized ones that range from the spiritual and almost purply poetic picture of mentors as leading us along the journey of our lives (Kinney Marguerite Rogers, Donna R. Packa, and Sandra B. Dunbar 1993, 89-96). We trust them because they have been there before. They embody our hopes, cast light on the way ahead, interpret arcane signs, warn us of lurking dangers, and point out unexpected delights along the way. Mentoring is a process that increasingly used in management development and the skills and techniques learned on the management development programme are put into practice through the support and help of an experienced manager back in the workplace (Allery, L. A., Owen, P. A., & Robling, M. R. 1997, 870-4). Learning environment did occur most frequently when the supervisor kept an equidistant position. This position is not only an open, non-judgemental, non-competitive attitude, but also includes the keeping of a continuous and stable focus on the RNs reconstruction of his interaction with the patient: in other words, viewing the nurse-patient interaction as a "system" with its own boundaries and frame. The patient can discover new material in the object as the analyst fails largely or completely to meet the patients expectations in certain areas-particularly the area of difficulties--which have previously always been fulfilled by virtue of unconscious steering mechanisms. Similarly, dynamic factors that frequently stimulate conflicts seem always to be present in the supervisory system and influence the learning process. Nevertheless, it is possible and desirable to maintain the frame and boundaries around both the patient-analyst and the candidate-supervisor systems. In most large hospitals there are orientation programs for employees, with instruction in hospital organization, policies and procedures. These learning and orientation is sometimes further informal instruction on the practical aspects of

The Selection of Suppliers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Selection of Suppliers - Essay Example Having done the reviews, considered the more subtle differences among the criteria and then developed a table containing all key criteria for selecting the suppliers The selection of the four projects was aimed to analyze the application of various criteria and consequently check the effectiveness of results in each case. Last but not least it was found that a developing a proper strategy in connection with selecting the suppliers is equally important to building any other business strategy. I conclude by referring to one of the diversification strategies – i.e. â€Å"Vertical Integration† introduced by Igor Ansoff. The vertical integration refers to either becoming your own supplier or become a distributor. It shows that sometimes suppliers become so problematic for a firm that it has to take such a turnaround strategy for buying a supplier. Introduction: In this competitive global market, every organization desires to accomplish its projects successfully. To ensure th e timely and successful completion of a project, firms need to analyze all possible pros & cons and then opt for the best solution – right from procurement to production of finished goods. It is a myth that in manufacturing supply chain management is not only the lifeline of any project but also decides a success or failure thereof.. Selection of suppliers, being a part of supply chain management, involves many criteria that govern the selection of suppliers. These criteria include quality of raw material, lead time required by the supplier, cost of raw material, delivery time, resources/ability for delivery, supplier’s reputation, etc. etc.. This paper intends to discuss these supplier selection criteria by analyzing the practical projects. The four different projects chosen include the production of electronic products, construction of a retail outlet, manufacturing glass containers and construction of residential buildings. The criteria for selection of suppliers fo llowed by these projects include quality of raw material, delivery time, cost of material and supplier’s reputation, respectively. Having analyzed these criteria, a comparison has been presented along with critiques and finally identified the best method to be opted for selecting the suppliers. Literature Review: Every business, in one way or other, is impacted due to stiff competition, increased globalization and unabated technological advancements. In such a prevailing hyper-competition, effective supply chain management has become not only important but also become a core of corporate strategy. Coyle, Bardi, and Langey (2003) pointed out that in order to cope-up with such a crucial business trend, it has become mandatory for the logistics managers to concentrate more on suppliers’ capabilities, conceptualizing, designing, and implementing the supply process. Traditionally, only a few criteria used to be followed in a supplier’s selection – i.e. materi al cost, delivery time and quality of goods (Smith et al. 1963).