Duels :: Essays Papers

Duels This is the excellence of Court take away the ladies, duels and the ballets and I would not want to live there. - A. dAubigne, Baron de Foeneste, Il, 17 Duels and the piece of dueling is something that has characterized not unless the imagination of historians and redbrick warfare enthusiasts, but also the minds of writers and readers of literature for years. The numerous literary variations on the theme of dueling are enough of an indication of its importance, and the fascination with the act continues to increase. However, dueling is more than a literary climax or a plot twist duels have been being fought for centuries and are actually derivatives of many medieval practices. The al-Quran duel has several predecessors, depending on which history is being referenced. The most common form of the password is derived from the German word Duell, which is a derivative of the Latin word duellum. Duellum is a combination of the Latin words bellum and duo, whic h connotes a war between two. This simple definition seems to be the most common and the most recognizable. Historian Francois Billacois states that a duel is a fight between two or several individuals (but always with equal numbers on all side), equally armed, for the purpose of proving either the truth of a disputed question or the valour, courage and honour of each combatant (Billacois, 5). Historian Ute Frevert concurs, but points out that duels, especially in the modern era, were no mock fights, but serious passages at arms in which the opponents risked their lives and which could result in serious injury, or even death (Frevert, 11). Most present-day(a) historians believe that the modern version of the duel developed out of three medieval institutions the feud, the judicial duel and the knightly tournament. The belief that dueling was derived from these three events is often referred to as the continuity theory. Feuds in the medieval period occurred when people attempted to settle disputes and exact revenge for insults through private vengeance, rather than by going to the government activity and entrudting them to settle the matter. Judicial duels, on the other hand, were official acts, during which both parties (the plaintiff and the defendant) fought their grievances out on the battle field with swords in front of a judge.

Financial Analysis of Scholastic and Daktronics Essay -- Financial Ana

Evaluating a companys financial condition can be done by spirit at its profitability or its ability to satisfy long-term commitments. These measures can be viewed through an analysis of a companys financial statements, including the chemical equilibrium sheet and income statement. This authorship will look at the status of Scholastic attach tos (Scholastic) ability to satisfy its long-term commitments and at the profitability of Daktronics, Inc. (Daktronics). This paper will include various financial ratio calculations and an analysis of the notable trends. It will also discuss the profitability and long-term borrowing positions of the firms discussed. Scholastic Company is a multibillion dollar childrens book publisher and distributor with more than 9,000 worldwide employees (Scholastic Inc., n.d.). Scholastic leases some of its physical office and storage locations and equipment (as cited in Gibson, 2011). Cornaggia, Franzen, and Simin (2013) note the reasons firms lea se may be the result of a companys financial distress which prevents sufficient capital being raised to purchase preferably of leasing. They also suggested if profitability of the firm is not at issue, leasing can be used to reduce taxes thus reducing borrowing costs. Though the reason for maintaining genuine lease obligations is not disclosed in its financial statements (as cited in Gibson, 2011), Scholastics ability to satisfy its long-term commitments is important for investors, creditors, and management. The long-term borrowing electrical condenser of Scholastic can be determined through an analysis of its times interest earned, fixed charge coverage, and debt ratios.The times interest earned ratio uses a companys income statement to assess its ability to meet long-... ... CitedCornaggia, K. J., Franzen, L. A., & Simin, T. T. (2013). Bringing leased assets onto the balance sheet. Journal of Corporate Finance, 22345-360. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016 /j.jcorpfin.2013.06.007Damo daran, A. (n.d.). Operating versus capital leases. Retrieved from http//pages.stern.nyu.edu /adamodar/New_Home_Page/AccPrimer/lease.htmDaktronics, Inc. (n.d.). Our company. Retrieved from http//www.daktronics.com/en-us/about-usGibson, C. H. (2011). Financial insurance coverage & analysis Using financial accounting information. (12th ed.). Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning.Monea, M. (2009). Financial ratios Reveal how a business is doing? Annals of the University Of Petrosani Economics, 9(2), 137-144. Retrieved from http//www.upet.ro/engScholastic Inc. (n.d.). About Scholastic. Retrieved from http//www.scholastic.com /aboutscholastic/index.htm

Essay --

Do I regret not doing this years ago? No, I do not. It is certainly true, that since a small child, growing up on my Dads pig farm, have I been fascinated by birth. Yes, tiny new piglets were beautiful, but other things intrigued me. The sow usually delivered her new overcompensate with both serenity and independence. Some of my early memories are of rushing out to the farrowing house crates (yes, the poor animal in those days was in a pen designed purely for birth, not outside in the freedom of the field) to see how many piglets had arrived and hoping to catch a glimpse of the afterbirth, as we referred to it, sometimes however seeing her deliver it. Gruesome to some but to me it was amazing how this strange looking mass had kept lots of little lives alive. This fascination is still with me today, diaphanous when my family and I went to lambing day at a local farm. But now, following the birth of my children, I brought empathy for the ewe too. Studying on the Access course has al ready taught me a lot about myself. Although an initially a shock to the system after over twenty years away from stu...

Dances With Wolves Analysis Essay -- Movies Native Americans History P

Dances With Wolves AnalysisThe video Dances With Wolves was produced in 1990 and directed by Kevin Costner who starred as the main character. Dances with Wolves tells us the story of a white man who gets acquainted with the Sioux, who learns to love and respect them as valuable people with a culture and who discovers how wrong white peoples preconceived ideas about native Australian Americans are. A sense of adventure and drama is the feeling Dances with Wolves gives us. With this movie, Costner made his debut as a film director. Dances with Wolves scored a total of seven Oscars for surmount directing, best script, cutting, music and sound effects. (Sanders, Simon D.) A common scene in a medical tent during the Civil War could describe the opening scene of the movie Two doctors are bending over a soldier, ready to amputate his badly injured leg. The doctors leave the tent for a break just ahead the amputation. Soldier Dunbar uses this moment to pull back on his boot and stumbles out of the tent. He doesnt ascertain a purpose in his life and wants rather final stage than a life with one leg. He gets on his horse and attempts suicide by riding across the enemy line. Surprisingly, the enemies are unable to shoot him, and his take in solders are starring at him with disbelieve. They do respect him for his crazy, yet brave act. Dunbars people take advantage of the moment of distraction and storm the enemies line, making a victory. Dunbar receives outstanding medical treatment and gets to keep his leg. As a decorated veteran, he chooses to take a post in the west because he wants to see the frontier before its gone. Dunbar is fascinated about the wide, open spaced no mans land The country is everything I dreamed it would be. ... ...it the Indian Removal was supposed to be voluntary, removal became mandatory whenever the federal government felt it necessary. The memory of these brutal forced marches of Native Americans, sometimes in the dead winter, remained vivid for years to make sense in the minds of those who survived. Paherman indicates that the Plains Indians Wars, which raged during the last half of the 19th century, ended with the slaughter of Sioux men, women, and children, as well as the soldiers of the U.S. 7th Calvary, at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on celestial latitude 29, 1890. Works CitedCostner, Kevin, dir. Dances with Wolves. Per. Kevin Costner, Mary McDonnell, Graham Greene, and Rodney A.Grant. 1990. Videocassette. Orion, 1991. Paherman. Indian Removal. n.d. 17 August 2001. Sanders, Simon D. We are fans of Kevin Costner. Biography. February 2001. 17 August 2001.

Canterbury Tales Essay - Anti-Feminist Rhetoric in The Wife Of Bath

Anti-Feminist Rhetoric inThe Wife Of lav In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, The Wife of Bath is a strong woman who loudly states her stamps about the antifeminist sentiments popular at the time. Chaucer, however, frequently discredits her arguments by making them unfounded and generally compromising her character. This brings into question Chaucers political intent with the Wife of Bath. Is he supportive of her views, or is he making a mockery of woman who challenge the patriarchal society and its restriction and discredit of women? The Wifes comedic character, frequent misquoting of authorities, marital infidelity, and her (as well as Chaucers) own antifeminist sentiments weaken the argument that Chaucer supported of the Wifes opinions. Chaucer chooses to make a comedy of the Wife, putting into question the seriousness of her character. What opinion is the reader to make of a woman who rants about marriage and female domination when she is described as a clown prepared f or battle in the General Prologue ? Her bright red stockings, bold scarlet face, shield-like hat and sharp spurs draw the picture of a silly, if not crazy, woman whose manner is larger than life. The Wifes quaint larger than life characteristics apply to her feminist beliefs as well. Equal coexistence is not enough she says men shall be bothe my dettour and my thral -something likely unheard of when this piece was written. Much of what makes her comical is the plethora of inner innuendoes dispersed throughout her dialogue. For instance, when she irrelevantly mentions in her tale the eager friars that have replaced the fairies of old Wommen may go saufly up and down In every bussh or under every tree, Ther is n... ... easily state Chaucers support of the Wifes opinions, it is important to note the disabling of her arguments and credibility, as it brings into serious question Chaucers intent with the Wife of Bath. Footnotes 458-60, 471-75 Wifes Prologue, 161 Wifes Tale, 884 Wifes Prologue, 585 M.H. Abrams, et al ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume I. W.W. Norton & Company, New York/London, 1993. Wifes Prologue, 149 Wifes Prologue, 186-9 463 Wifes Prologue, 4 General Prologue, 465-70 Wifes Prologue, 563 Wifes Prologue, 549-68 Wifes Prologue, 44-6 216-20 Wifes Prologue, 233-4 Wifes Prologue, 540-4Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed Mack, Maynard et al. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, NY. 1992.

Canterbury Tales Essay - Anti-Feminist Rhetoric in The Wife Of Bath

Anti-Feminist Rhetoric inThe Wife Of Bath In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, The Wife of Bath is a strong woman who loud commonwealths her opinions about the antifeminist sentiments popular at the time. Chaucer, however, frequently discredits her arguments by making them unfounded and generally compromising her character. This brings into question Chaucers political intent with the Wife of Bath. Is he validatory of her views, or is he making a mockery of woman who challenge the patriarchal society and its restriction and mistrust of women? The Wifes comedic character, frequent misquoting of authorities, marital infidelity, and her (as well as Chaucers) own antifeminist sentiments weaken the argument that Chaucer supported of the Wifes opinions. Chaucer chooses to make a comedy of the Wife, putting into question the seriousness of her character. What opinion is the reader to make of a woman who rants about marriage and female domination when she is described as a clown pr epared for battle in the General Prologue ? Her bright red stockings, nervy scarlet face, shield-like hat and sharp spurs draw the picture of a silly, if not crazy, woman whose manner is larger than life. The Wifes comical larger than life characteristics apply to her feminist beliefs as well. pertain coexistence is not enough she says men shall be bothe my dettour and my thral -something likely unheard of when this piece was written. Much of what makes her comical is the plethora of sexual innuendoes dispersed throughout her dialogue. For instance, when she irrelevantly mentions in her tale the eager friars that have replaced the fairies of old Wommen may go saufly up and down In every bussh or under every tree, Ther is n... ... easily state Chaucers support of the Wifes opinions, it is important to note the disabling of her arguments and credibility, as it brings into serious question Chaucers intent with the Wife of Bath. Footnotes 458-60, 471-75 Wifes Prologue, 161 Wifes Ta le, 884 Wifes Prologue, 585 M.H. Abrams, et al ed., The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume I. W.W. Norton & Company, New York/London, 1993. Wifes Prologue, 149 Wifes Prologue, 186-9 463 Wifes Prologue, 4 General Prologue, 465-70 Wifes Prologue, 563 Wifes Prologue, 549-68 Wifes Prologue, 44-6 216-20 Wifes Prologue, 233-4 Wifes Prologue, 540-4Works CitedChaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed Mack, Maynard et al. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, NY. 1992.

E-waste: Cathode Ray Tube and New Equipment

Electronic waste or e-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and separate items that fork out been discarded by their original users. E-waste is the inevitable by-product of a proficient revolution. Driven primarily by degenerateer, smaller and cheaper microchip technology, society is experiencing an evolution in the capability of electronic appliances and personal electronics. For all its benefits, innovation brings with it the byproduct of speedy obsolescence. According to the EPA, nationally, an estimated 5 to 7 trillion tons of computers, televisions, stereos, cell phones, electronic appliances and toys, and other electronic gadgets become obsolete every year. According to various reports, electronics pay approximately 1 4 percent of the municipal solid waste stream. The electronic waste problem will continue to grow at an intensify rate. Electronic, or e-waste, refers to ele ctronic products being discarded by consumers.Introduction of E-Waste E-waste is the most promptly growing waste problem in the world. It is a crisis of not quantity simply but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a affright to the occupational health as well as the environment. Rapid technology change, belittled initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. Legal framework, proper collection system missing. Imports on a regular basis coming to the recycling markets. Inhuman functional conditions for recycling. Between 1997 and cc7, nearly five hundred zillion personal computers became obsolete-almost two computers for each person. 750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone. In 2005, 42 million computers were discarded 25 million in storage 4 million recycled 13 million land alter 0.5 million incineratedIT and telecom are two fastest growing industries in the country. India, by 2 008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000 from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT) At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75 million computers by 2010. Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India. Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years. E-Waste gain Over 75 million current mobile users, expected to increase to 200 million by 2007 end. Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the in the altogetherer additions. Preliminary estimates elicit that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes per year. E-waste Its implications Electronic products often tick off waste and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated . Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of confidential information. Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper , and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nic kel, and zinc. In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other backbreaking metals . Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury. Also , capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) .You can reduce the environmental impact of your E-Waste by make changes in your buying habits, looking for ways to reuse including donating or recycling. Preventing waste to set down with is the preferred waste management option.Consider, for example, upgrading or repairing instead of buying natural equipment to extend the life of your current equipment and perhaps save money. If you must buy new equipment, consider donating your still working, unwanted electronic equipment. This reuse extends the life of the products and allows non-profits, churches, schools and community of interests organizations to have equipment the y otherwise may not be able to afford. In atomic number 16 Carolina, for example, Habitat for Humanity Resale Stores, Goodwill and other similar organizations may accept working computers. When buying new equipment, check with the retailer or manufacturer to see if they have a recognize-back programthat allows consumers to return old equipment when buying new equipment. dingle Computers, for example, became the first manufacturer to set up a program to take back any of its products anywhere in the world at no maintenance to the consumer. And, when buying, consider products with longer warranties as an indication of long-term quality.E-waste Cathode Ray underground and New EquipmentElectronic waste or e-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, entertainment electronics, mobile phones and other items that have been discarded by their original users. E-waste is the inevitable by-product of a technological revolution. Driven p rimarily by faster, smaller and cheaper microchip technology, society is experiencing an evolution in the capability of electronic appliances and personal electronics.For all its benefits, innovation brings with it the byproduct of rapid obsolescence. According to the EPA, nationally, an estimated 5 to 7 million tons of computers, televisions, stereos, cell phones, electronic appliances and toys, and other electronic gadgets become obsolete every year. According to various reports, electronics comprise approximately 1 4 percent of the municipal solid waste stream. The electronic waste problem will continue to grow at an accelerated rate. Electronic, or e-waste, refers to electronic products being discarded by consumers. Introduction of E-Waste E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world. It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a threat to the occupational health as well as the environment. Rapid technology cha nge, low initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. Legal framework, proper collection system missing. Imports regularly coming to the recycling markets. Inhuman working conditions for recycling. Between 1997 and 2007, nearly 500 million personal computers became obsolete-almost two computers for each person. 750,000 computers expected to end up in landfills this year alone. In 2005, 42 million computers were discarded 25 million in storage 4 million recycled 13 million land filled 0.5 million incineratedIT and telecom are two fastest growing industries in the country. India, by 2008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000 from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT) At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75 million computers by 2010. Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India. Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years. E-Waste Growth Over 75 million current mobile users, expec ted to increase to 200 million by 2007 end. Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the newer additions. Preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes per year. E-waste Its implications Electronic products often contain hazardous and toxic materials that pose environmental risks if they are land filled or incinerated . Televisions, video and computer monitors use cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which have significant amounts of lead. Printed circuit boards contain primarily plastic and copper , and most have small amounts of chromium, lead solder, nickel, and zinc. In addition, many electronic products have batteries that often contain nickel, cadmium, and other heavy metals . Relays and switches in electronics, especially older ones, may contain mercury. Also , capacitors in some types of older and larger equipment that is now entering the waste stream may contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).You can reduce the environm ental impact of your E-Waste by making changes in your buying habits, looking for ways to reuse including donating or recycling. Preventing waste to begin with is the preferred waste management option. Consider, for example, upgrading or repairing instead of buying new equipment to extend the life of your current equipment and perhaps save money. If you must buy new equipment, consider donating your still working, unwanted electronic equipment. This reuse extends the life of the products and allows non-profits, churches, schools and community organizations to have equipment they otherwise may not be able to afford.In South Carolina, for example, Habitat for Humanity Resale Stores, Goodwill and other similar organizations may accept working computers. When buying new equipment, check with the retailer or manufacturer to see if they have a take-back programthat allows consumers to return old equipment when buying new equipment. Dell Computers, for example, became the first manufacture r to set up a program to take back any of its products anywhere in the world at no charge to the consumer. And, when buying, consider products with longer warranties as an indication of long-term quality.

Hps326 Assignment Questionnaire

HPS326 Assignment Questionnaire Questions 1-5 (8% per question) 1. William Whewell coined the term scientist in the year 1833. 2. The conflict myth was proposed by John Draper and Andrew Dickson on the relationship between science and religion. They termed the relationship as a mutual antagonism whose memorial was a conflict between the rationality of science contrary by the ignorance of religion. Two versions of this myth exist the strong and the weak.The strong version states that the inherent differences of science and religion have eclipsed through history as science is represented with a need to rival against religion, making conflict unavoidable. The weak version claims this conflict is haphazard and is purely based on historical fact. 3. The historiographical trace between modern science and natural philosophy is that natural philosophy can be seen as a precursor of natural sciences (i. e physics etc. ). essential philosophy is an entity that can explain properties that c an non necessarily be verified, classified or quantified.On the other hand, modern science is a development, divisional playing area of natural philosophy. It relies on the scientific experimentation for the growth of knowledge and advances in society and technology. 4. The Merton Thesis, proposed by Robert Merton, states that the rise of science is linked to the values of Puritanism. It verifies the ideas of Francis Bacon as existence inspired by the puritan work ethic which is accounted for by the volume of Puritans in the Royal Society. 5.According to Margaret Osler, in the 20th century, the conflict myths support was attributable to the positiveness of Auguste Compte, and secularisation of North American universities. In Comptes positivist philosophy, he founded numerous principles in which he claimed direct observation is the only way assertions can be established. This influenced numerous historians when they looked upon the history of science and religion as they rejecte d all metaphysical thinking because it can not be proven empirically.This asserted that all sciences could be minimized to mathematics and physics driving a wider conflict between science and religion. The secularization of North American universities played a large role in the support of the conflict myth. This is due to the fact that the schools pushed an anti-religious approach and completely expunged any supernatural reasoning from the realm of science. This reinforced the rejection of metaphysics and furthered the perception of a conflict. Question 1-3 (20% per question) 1.The period form 1500 to 1700 was known as the Scientific Revolution. This period is considered the revolution as historians believed science began progressively separating from religion. Thinkers like Copernicus and Newton began to change the way pack thought about the concept of nature. However, this view of a Scientific Revolution is still highly problematic. Shapin contested that no such revolution occur red. He asserted this as no single definition of science emerged and no specific method was employed.He overly eluded to the point that this period was only coined revolutionary as the people of that time were concerned in pursuing science and wanted to propel it as a professional field. Margaret Osler also termed this problematic as numerous individuals began challenging the fundamental principles of positivism. She also suggests that there was still an importance of theology in Newtons projects and a requirement of biblical interpretation to development of scientific methods. This suggests that religion and science did not offend in the Scientific Revolution as religion was still needed to discuss science. . The 19th century Whigs an english liberal political party- are amalgamated with Whig history as people who perceived science as progressive. Science was the key to move humans along the road to a better life. However, whiggish history is not acceptable today as it is too go al-centric. It claims that history has progressed along a predesignated path towards the goal of complete understanding. This was not welcome in modern science as it suggested that science was purely cumulative.However, scientific findings do not always continue building upon previous results. As well, Whiggish history focused too much on the great men of science the male geniuses like Darwin, and Einstein even though modern science has been practiced and perfected by normal (even female) individuals. This is supported with pecker Harrisons view on science and religion as he states a need of Protestant approaches in the development of modern empirical science. Harrison claims that biblical interpretations of Protestant texts is liked to the rise of modern science.This favours Whig history as they campaigned the Protestant values and behaviours which aligns with their view of science. 3. Early analytic philosophy avoided the study of philosophy of religion and contradictory metap hysics. However, the emergence of an analytic philosophy of religion in the 1960s, was crucial for the emergence of science and religion as its own field. It brought about the collapse of logical positivism as it began to self-refute. Analytic philosophy then tried to get rid of traditional philosophy- claiming that it was too unscientific- and progressed to a more scientific way of thinking.Yet, even with its overbold scientific way of thinking it was taken over by Christian theology allowing for a renewed interest in metaphysical thinking and the philosophy of religion. This then began to combine science and religion under one roof in terms of a relationship. Analytic philosophers, who were trained in science, then began saving up religious problems in terms of using science as the best model for rationality. This allowed the rise of the field of science and religion because of the influence of scientific christian thinkers.

Wrongful Conception

The traditional way of doing things in America goes as follows you meet Mr. or Mrs. Right, you get married, buy a business firm and start a family. After having all the electric shaverren that one family wants someone in the relationship makes the responsible decision to be permanently sterilized or brood using birth control until menopause. Being permanently sterilized means, having the womans fallopian tubes either clamped or cut so as no much eggs atomic number 18 release into the uterus or having a mans seminal vesicles cut so that no sperm is ejaculated.When a pregnancy occurs after one of these measures has been interpreted, it is looked into as wrongful conception or wrongful pregnancy. Women can become pregnant when their fallopian tubes were not completely cut, a mans seminal vesicles are not severed all the way or something is wrong with the birth control in which she is taking. Wrongful conception, also known as wrongful pregnancy, is a case of action based on negli gence in the provision of birth control or performance of sterilization procedures that final result in an unwished pregnancy. Sullivan, 2000) Physicians and pharmacists have come under legal trouble when a patient becomes pregnant and it is unwanted. Women have many reasons for no longer absentminded any more children. It could be due to the age of the women and she is at a higher risk for the child to be mentally handicapped. The couple could merely be done having children because they have the desired amount that they could afford and wanted. The woman could have had a very difficult pregnancy in the past and on that pointfore not want to put her at risk any further.All of these are legitimate reasons to have a surgical intervention to no longer have children or to prevent having children with birth control. Many of those parents who end up taking legal action against a physician are those who have genetic disorders that they do not wish to pass on to their unhatched childr en. Parents who have genetic testing done and find out that the likelihood of their children developing sickle carrel anemia, downs syndrome or any other genetic disorder choose to no longer put themselves in the running to conceive a child.harmonize to The day concord of Health, many medical malpractice claims have been brought against doctors by parents of children born with genetic diseases. In most of these cases, the parents allege either that the physicians failed to inform the parents of the availability of genetic testing for the unborn child or that the physician negligently performed the genetic testing. These claims automatically make physicians, genetic counselors, and genetic testing laboratories possible defendants in civil law suits.As the patient or victim, it is a crushing moment to find out that someone failed to do their job and now an innocent life is being brought unwanted into the world. Patients have a Bill of Rights that must be followed by any physician or hospital. Patients have the right to access their own medical records. According to George D. Pozgar, patients may have access to information which includes, that maintained or possessed by a health care organization and/or a health care practitioner who has treated or is treating a patient (Pozgar, 2010, p. 396).With this right in place, patients should be able to prevent unwanted pregnancies from happening. This right makes for an open book policy in many hospital and physician offices. Patients now have access to their labs and records online or even in the physicians office. The history can wrongful conception is hard to determine with a timeline. It appears that when patients could have genetic testing done is when the number of cases started to arise for legal action being taken against physicians. One of the first reported cases was in 1974 with a family who carry throughd their physician who performed a vasectomy after the couples fourth child.Continuing on from 1974 unt il present day, there are many patients that are affected from the actions of physicians all over. Currently, patients rely on medical testing to look for genetic disorders that can affect unborn children. test is becoming more and more advanced every day. Many pregnant have option to undergo genetic testing at twelve weeks to suss out for downs syndrome, trisomy 18, or trisomy 13. At the same time as these blood tests, an ultrasound test for fetal nuchal translucency is performed. Nuchal translucency screening uses an ultrasound test to assure the area at the can of the fetal neck for increased fluid. Common tests during,) During the second trimester of pregnancy a whole new set of blood tests are performed. Alpha-fetoprotein screening is done to determine open neural tube defects (ONTD) such as spina bifida, Down syndrome, other chromosomal abnormalities, defects in the abdominal wall of the fetus, gibe more than one fetus is making the protein, or a miscalculated due date, as the levels vary throughout pregnancy. (Common tests during,) Some of these tests can come back negative when in reality they are positive or patients can also get a false-negative result.Patient now sign consents so that they provide not sue the physicians when these rare occurrences happen. The way that lawsuits and malpractice suits have come up, the rate of lawsuits against physicians will continue to rise. It seems that physicians need to have malpractice insurance with higher premiums due to the occurrence the patients now are sue happy. Physicians are very careful about what information they tell their patients and with how tests and physical examinations are given. The more information and the more physicians explain circumstances to patients, the less likely a patient is to sue. in that location are patients who look for reasons to file malpractice suits against physicians. Wrongful conceptions or wrongful pregnancies do happen. There are many reasons for this unhappy o ccurrence to happen, physician wrongdoing, pharmacist tampering or misinformation given to the patient. No matter what the reason is that the conception happened, the parents of the unborn child are still going to be affected. To compensate for some of the mental and emotional damage that is going to be done with having an unplanned pregnancy, patients are choosing to sue physicians.ReferencesPozgar, G. D. (2010). Legal and ethical Issues for health professionals (2nd ed.) Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sullivan, Mary B. (2000, March 22). Article wrongful birth and wrongful conception a parents need for a cause of action. . Retrieved from http//www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85016556.html Common tests during pregnancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/pregnant/tests.html Untitled. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.loislaw.com/gpc/emailprotected

Network management and the changing milieu

A network can be described as a scheme delectationd to link two or more computers. 1 in that location be network connections that atomic number 18 used in the process (1) the physical connections, which pertain to the medium that are used in sharing files, programs, etc. and (2) the logical connections, which pertain to the protocols used in sharing files, programs, etc.2 However, in order to share and open files, messages, programs, and/or devices, a network needs proper instruction for its three layers of the application software, network software, and network hardware to work accurately and efficiently. This paper will revolve around network counsel, its importance to the society, the state of network management nowadays, and how information systems like networks can be managed more in effect in the future. earnings management is the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems.3 There are received significant functions that are used in managing a particular network, and these should let in each of the following (1) controlling, (2) planning, (3) allocating, (4) deploying, (5) coordinating, and (6) monitoring.4There can also be the use of some access methods (e.g., SNMP, CLIs, XML) as well as schemes (e.g., WBEM, CIM), which support the transition of certain mechanisms that are used in network management. By using the terminal mechanism we refer to the managing of the agents, synthetic monitoring, the logs of activity, as well as the real user monitoring.5 Yet Cisco Systems, Inc. has defined network management more proper(postnominal)ally as a service that employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in monitoring and maintaining networks.6Despite the dependableness of connecting computer applications and programs nowadays, the functioning of these devices is also organism influenced by the characteristics of ot her protocols, other connections, and other devices, which may not always be perfect. There are crucial elements that go in between the touch of networking, which may hinder or delay the progression of the activity or service. For this reason, it is very important that network management is strictly and sufficiently organized, maintained, planned, and monitored, especially that networks are not always perfectly controlled, and that at that place are reliable as well unreliable networks that influence the transmission of info given a specific environment.Companies in the 21st century usually go for 99.9% availability when it comes to network management.7 As stated in the Encarta Encyclopedia, internets are subject to hacking, or illegal access, so shared files and resources must be protected.8 Certain techniques may include data encryption and authentication schemes, especially when dealing with issues that include privacy and protection of rights. Others reject more on the purp ose of autopolling network devices or generating certain topology that generates improvement.It is said that the three most important elements of networks should include having the lowest latency, highest capacity, and maximum reliability condescension intermittent features and limited bandwidth.9 While data is reorganized and transformed into smaller frames, packets, and segments, there are certain significant factors that affect the transmission of the data first is latency or the time span of delivery second is packet loss inside the intermediate devices third is retransmission that leads to delays fourth and final is throughput or the amount of traffic within a network.10 For this, network management appears to be the critical key in making sure that the network functions well despite failures, attacks, and the inconsistencies that are mostly crucial in any type of society or network.Nowadays, network management is set more on the use of certain protocols like the use of Simple Network Management Protocol or SNMP, or the use of Common Management Information Protocol or CMIP.11 Since the 1980s, when there was tremendous expansion in the area of network deployment,12 and companies went into the trend of building and expanding their networks from different types of network technologies, organizations saw the need for an automated network management that could be functional in diverse situations and environments in certain occasions inside and outside the country.The improved basic structure that has then been used was usually still of a set of relationships that follow a specific paradigm end stations or managed devices, which run the specific software, which alerts the staffs (through computers) whenever problems, inconsistencies, or emergencies arise.13 It may also include certain end poll stations that check other specific variables through automatic or user-initiated polling, and where certain agentsor managed devicesrespond and store data, which the ma nagement staff of a network system produces through protocols. The state of network management revolves in an architecture that links all the computers through a management entity that connects the rest of the agents with the use of a proxy server, in the management database of the device.With all these, James McKeen insisted in his book entitled Making IT Happen Critical Issues in Managing Information Technology that there is a rapid, changing role in the IT milieu the two forces of relentless business pressures and rapidly evolving technology landscape,14 which both puzzle out greater risks within a changing technology environment around the globe. Thus, it is evident that information systems, such as networks, can be managed more effectively in the future by producing better, faster, more agile architectures and functions that can break through beyond these two forces of change.BIBLIOGRAPHYChapter 6 Network Management Basics. Internetworking Technology Handbook, no.1-58765-001-3 (2006). Database on-line. usable from Cisco Systems, Inc.McKeen, James D. Making IT Happen Critical Issues in Managing Information Technology. England John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.Network (computer systems). Encarta Encyclopedia (2007) 1-2. Database on-line. Available from MSN Encarta.Network Management. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008). Database on-line. Available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. database.Network Performance Management. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008). Database on-line. Available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. database.1 Network (computer science), Encarta Encyclopedia (2007) database on-line available from MSN Encarta, p. 1of 2. 2 ibidem 3 Network Management, Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008) database on-line available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Incorporated database. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Chapter 6 Network Management Basics, Internetworking Technology Handbook (2006) database on-line available from Cisco Systems, Inc, accession number 1-5876 5-001-3, p. 1 of 6. 7 Internetworking Technology Handbook, 1. 8 Encarta Encyclopedia, 2. 9 Network Performance Management, Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008) database on-line available from the Wikimedia Foundation, Incorporated database. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid, 2. 12 Internetworking Technology Handbook, 1. 13 Ibid. 14 James D. McKeen, Making IT Happen Critical Issues in Managing Information Technology (England John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003), 1.

Great Lakes

The North American great lakes including Lake Erie, Michigan, Huron, Superior, and Ontario. Lake Huron is the 3rd largest lake out of all five of them. It measures at 850 cubic meters of water it extends to nearly 3,827 miles, measures at 206 miles across, and about 183 miles north to south. The average water depth in this huge lake is 195 ft. These lakes are the largest sweet-scented water supply and home to legion(predicate) of the worlds wildlife. For several(prenominal) years the capacious Lakes have served as a dumping ground for many mischievous pollutants.Damage from drain pipes and industrial waste produce ruinous conditions for the slant, wildlife, and tender-hearteds dwelling in the surrounding area of the region. Countless people wouldnt believe so because this is a second home place to many, many families and they travel to this area for their summer vacations. As people travel to the Great Lakes, perhaps they can all see the true of how mistreated these stunning lakes are. The number one major source of pollution comes from point source pollution.Point source pollution is simply a direct source of pollution such as a pipe or other vessels. Earlier age industrial companies, such as pulp and paper were located right on the outskirts of the Great Lakes. They were dumping tons of waste including mercury into the water. Some of this polluting was done involuntarily with the malfunctioning of these pipes or vessels. However, some of this pollution was intentional from them thinking that anything would dissolve in the waters and neutralize. Pathogens are another source of pollution to the Great Lakes.Pathogens refer to bacterial organisms found in the intestinal tracts of mammals. Nutrient sources include municipal wastewater treatment plants, septic systems, and agricultural runoffs. There are three major areas which are Saginaw Bay, Severn Sound, and the southeastern shore of Lake Huron Basin. Pathogens have had such an furbish up on Lake Huro n that it had beach closings in these regions due to the findings of E. coli contaminations. Another form of pollution to the Great Lakes is fecal matters. It is believed that fecal matters infested the lakes by sewage.Sewage is known to having some of the most harmful bacterias. Putting these bacterias into the waters its not only polluting them but its also making the water quality pooh-pooh and the bacteria growth will continue to increase (Shear 2006). Air-bound pesticides and fertilizer runoffs are both involuntary forms of pollutants to the Great Lakes. These types of pollutants are deposited into the lakes by the inadvertency of the environment. Testing the tissues of fish and mussels can determine the level of contaminate residing in the waters.Lindane, Dieldrin, Tozaphene, and Chlor-diphhenyl-tichloroethane (DDT) are some of the main harmful substances found in the water (Agency for toxic Substances and Disease registry 1997). Since 1990, Toxaphene has been prohibited yet traces of it still remain. Figure 1 These are all of the pollutants found in the Great Lakes that were reported to Congress. Figure 2 These are the cardinal concentrations of pollutants compared to biomass. Figure 3 This shows the levels of Toxaphene concentration increases, the biomass decreases and vice versa. For humans, interactions with these types of pollutants are extremely likely.You can reach all of the pollutants by simply going to the shorelines. Eating contaminated fish, or wildlife, in pathogen-contaminated waters, can cause infections and stomach disorders. Polluted beaches result in loss of utility for those who have planned to visit or swim in the water that in turn impacts local economies in the form of lost tourist dollars and the jobs they support (The National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 2012). Tourists enjoy coming there to do activities such as canoeing, kayaking, and boating. Tourism ensures jobs for the many people that live close to the lakes.Many fami lies rely on fishing to feed their families. This is why caution essential be used when eating the fish in Lake Huron. Lake Huron, along with the other Great Lakes, are very important to us. They are our main source of fresh water in the United States. The government is regulating chemicals and other harmful substances that could affect the Great Lakes. Getting laws passed like the Clean Water Act, recognizes the importance of preserving the Americans waters. gratefully we have groups like NRDC whose main goal is to make sure that Lake Huron, and the other Great Lakes, stays safe for fishing, swimming, and boating.APA Citation Page Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2012). The impact of beach pollution. Retrieved from http//www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/health-economic.asp Shear, H. (2006). The Great Lakes, an Ecosystem Rehabilitated, but Still Under Threat. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment113 199 -225 United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). The effec ts of Great Lakes contaminants on human health. Retrieved from http//www.epa.gov/greatlakes/health/report.htm U.S. Environmental Protections Agency. Clean Water Act, July 2006. http//www.epa.gov/r5water/cwa.htm Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs for Toxaphene. Sept. 1997. http//www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts94.html

Home school vs Public school Essay

More p atomic number 18nts are choosing to home train their pip-squeak or infantren rather than enrolling their tiddlerren in a e rattlingday school system. The refers make their decision based upon the school district that they live in. Some earth schools do non waste up to date materials. There are certain public schools that have a more difficult curriculum, which challenges students academically.Parents want what is best for their childrens education, public or homeschooled. Public-schools give children a chance to make invigorationlong friends and homeschooling is more workforce on learning.One of the most important things to a set up is their childs learning environment. Homeschooling his or her child or children will give the parent the opportunity to control his or her learning environment. By doing so parents are ensuring that nothing tragic would happen. Homeschooling is a parent who teaches his or her child or children. The parent is going to give positive feed back to their child or children. There are fewer home schooled students in a classroom than there are in a public classroom. Homeschooling has more positive influences. They do not have bullies or feel pressure from trying to fit in certain groups in school or the clothes and shoes they wear. By not acquiring those things homeschooled students have a relaxed learning environment that has the advantage of the teachers attention.There are many negative influences in a public-school system. A student who answers public-school can be harassed or bullied because of the clothes or shoes a student wears. Also, students can be harassed because of by their nationality, features or their grades. In public school there is always that one student that is very popular and dresses in the new fashions, but has the worst grades and makes jokes somewhat students shoes or the way theydress. There are students who are have seen and done things that a normal child has not, which makes these students a product of their environment. These are students who have a different childhood than most children. The things they see daily like fighting, hearing gun shots, and murders daily. These students will take things into their own hands if they are confronted by a person. The learning environment in public school is unsafe. In the past decade there has been a school nip because students were teased, bullied, students just did not like them. Those shootings have had a major impact on parents who get hold of to have their child or children in public school.It is very important for a student to develop socially in fact, students who attend public school develop better socially than home schooled students. Public-schools have interaction with different levels of students or faculty each day of the school year. By learning how to talk to different levels of students or faculty will help students choose friends. In public schools you have a variety of friends like students that have att ended the same schools by dint of their child hood. There are new students that find out his or her niche, which makes the transition to a new school easy for them. Having friends that are coworkers is something a public-school student would discover before a homeschooled student. Homeschooled students do not have any interaction with other students during school unless they have siblings who are being home schooled.The only person a homeschooled student has to interact with is their siblings and their teacher, which is their parent. Being homeschooled a student would have to find kids in their neighborhood to be friends with. That is a hard thing to do because of the fact the other kids in their neighborhood attend public school, and have friends with the same interest that they play with five days a week that builds loyalty between the friends. Nevertheless, the teaching curriculum in public school is accredited meaning the school meets the states requirements. When a student a ttends and accredited school it is easier for the student to transfer credits. Teaching in a public-school where everyone has to learn at the same pace sometimes hurts students. However, it also helps some students pass a test because of the test scores the teacher would grade on curve.This allows some students to achieve a passing grade. Public school students willnot have a problem with the transition from high school to college. When attending public school all students learn at the same pace. Since public school students interact with different levels of students and faculty, they feel more comfortable when attending college. Home schooling is not and accredited curriculum meaning that the curriculum that the parent is teaching was not approved by the state where they live. Furthermore, a parent cannot teach a idea better than a licensed teacher unless the parent is a licensed teacher.Employment plays a vital role for single parents sending their child or children to public sch ool allows him or her to obtain a job and provide for their family. Single parents would not be able to home school their child or children. Simply, because they would question how will the bills get paid and get the materials needed for homeschooling. A delinquentl parent home may choose to have their child or children attend public schools so both parents can have jobs to his or her financial needs. It also allows the student to make their own decisions while they are outside from their parent or parents. They have more responsibility and pressure on them to do their school work, get help if needed, and turn in assignments in by the due date. In order to home school a child or children there must be two parents in the household. One parent must obtain a job and the other teaches their child or children. Certain rooms in the house may become the classroom.Someone would omit their room or the kitchen table would become covered with piles of paper and books. Home schooling will all ow the parent to be around their child or children 24 hours a day. They will not get a break from each other and this can cause trust issues between the child or children and parent. As the child or children gets older they are going to want some type of freedom. Suffocating them can push them away from the parent or it can make the child or children be socially challenged not being able to control his or her selves when they are not around their parents. Home school students would struggle in the real world because their parent or parents have controlled everything around his or her child or children.In closedown public school students have a responsibility to do their work and make their own decisions, by doing so it will prepare them for real lifesituations. For example, attending college the instructor is not going to spoon feed the students. It will be up to the students to get help if needed and complete assignments by the due date. Public schooled students will adapt to the ir environment easily. Also there are more free programs, school memories like prom, sporting events, and having childhood friends from different neighborhoods through you school years. All these things are something a home schooled student will not have the chance to achieve.

American Pageant

The Eisenhower Era Korean Armistice 1 952 Eisenhower vaulted Korea shortly after winning the presidency waited 7 months before resorting to nuclear warf be Koreans compromised until thirty-eighth parallel Army-McCarthy Hearings 1954 McCarthy attacked the Army as Communist Army attacked him on television for 35 days McCarthy downfall Jim Crow Segregated blacks from snow-covereds Emmett Till 14 form old black who vacationed in Mississippi, allegedly whistled at a w knocke woman (Carolyn Bryant was subsequently beaten, abused, and murdered because tied to a cotton glen and impel Into a river Montgomery Bus BoycottAfter Rosa Parks is arrested, MILK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted a great deal than a year, and cease in 56 when the SC declared segregated buses unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education 1951 (SC) Marshall argues, wins this one. Unanimous vote under the Earl warfareren court that go against but equal is a false doctrine.Little Rock Central High School 1957 9 black students trying to go to school needed to be defended by federal official troops Southern Christian Leadership Conference MILK and nearly 100 other black ministers form this organization in 1957 to encourage nonviolent protest to provoke segregationists and win support from moderate Confederate whites.Although it got more blacks to support the movement, it failed to spark controversy or get white sympathy Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Created by sit-ins lack of patience resulted in their downfall Inter country Highway Act of 1 956 1 956 more effective Jobs and benefits (trucking, gasoline, automobile) deprived passenger trains, decreased air quality, robbed downtowns of business due to shopping outlets First Secretary of the Soviet Union- premier- was in attempts to negotiate towards atonement with Eisenhower but 13-2 scandal made such attempts void Geneva Conference After Vietnam fell to Nationalists split Vietnam at the 17th parallel elections 2 long time later to Join them 1955 Eisenhower & Khrushchev Open Skies Khrushchev thought it was an American ply for Dulles and rejected the idea Battle of Dine Been PH 1954 French corned Indochina French asked for American support America not involved strugglesaw Pact 1955 Soviet Union reacted to Antas addition of West Germany, protecting its Communist satellites Organization of crude oil Exporting Countries 960 control petroleum exports controlled Western countries Sputnik 1957 Soviets Part I small, PART II dog displaying Soviet superiority provided Communism with credential maybe intercontinental ballistic missiles created missile gap, NASA, and ENDED National Defense and Education Act 1958 increase education to compete with the Soviets million in form of scholarships U-2 Spy plane incident The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U. S. Denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forc ed to when the U. S. S. R. Reduced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.Fidel Castro usurped power from Batista regime by guerilla warfare, US unable to execute effective coup, became military dictator Betty Friedman Feminists who publish the Feminine Mystique 1963 modern womens rights movement to break away from suburban housewife life and to deal with struggles due to sexism United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977) Chapter 39 The Stormy Sixties John F. Kennedy The thirty-fifth United States President who represented the state of Massachusetts in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat, and in the U. S. Senate from 1953 until 1961.Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the American accomplished Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War. He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. New Frontier The campaign program advocated by JEFF in the 1960 election. He promised to revivalist the dead(a) economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. Berlin Wall In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high prohibition to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989. monolithic Retaliation Dulles nuclear bombs Flexible Response the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without employ nuclear weapons Bay of Pigs In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the atomic number 16ern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. Cuban Missile Crisis the 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba Freedom Riders Both black and white Americans that took to riding public transportation in the deep south to demand that the Boonton v. Virginia verdict be upheld. This resulted in many busses being attacked held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in sexual intercourse.Martin Luther King gave his famous l have a dream Speech. 250,000 wad attended the rally Civil Rights Act of 1964 This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the organization the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. Great Society President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislati on, and federal aid to education. War on Poverty Waged by Johnnys Great Society programs that presented a definitive liberal platform. Civil and voting rights acts Public school funding?when the rich moved to the suburbs all the poverty and squalor remained in the cities, destroying the tax base which of racecourse had negative effects on public education Medicare and Medicaid National endowment for arts and humanities (PBS) Clean air and water quality acts Endangered species preservation act (1966) Affirmative Action policies of the government aimed at increasing access to Jobs, schooling, and opportunities to people previously discriminated against Bake vs.. Board of Regents Gulf of Tontine Resolution Congress gave up its war making powers to the President in this resolution which Johnson himself called Grandmas night shirt, a tool to cover everything. Medicare -available to all elderly Americans regardless of need -form of federal welfare assistance -assisted medical commu nity because the fed paved all fees Medicaid extended federal medical assistance to welfare recipients and other indigent people of all ages Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes and a broad range of other housing colligate transactions Passed when LB was president, outlawed poll taxes. Freedom Summer 1964 Blacks and whites going to polling places to ensure that the law is being enforced and blacks do have the right to vote. This resulted in much violence in the south including murders, battery, etc. Malcolm X spread ideas of black nationalism. Disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. Minister of the nation of SIAM. jilted his original name because it was his familys slave name Systoles Carmichael Founder of Black Power Black Power the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. T urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business. Domino Theory the pol itical theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control opposed the Vietnam War and believed the United States should withdraw its forces from Vietnam. Hawks supported U. S. Involvement in the Vietnam War and believed America should increase military force to win the war.Et Offensive Et the first day of the Vietnamese New Year -communist forces launched an enormous attack on American strongholds through- UT Vietnam -one of the first televised battles, revealed brutality of war, great effect on election of 1968 -Walter Coronate -Democrats Criticizing Johnson Chicago Democratic Convention 1968 -Tons of protesting and violence -Humphrey received nomination Counterculture Drugs are generally harmless social relaxants and as for sex, if it feels good, do it. Students for a Democratic Society Student group opposed to militarism and racism called for participatory democracy. George Wallace Once governor of Alabama, a segregationist that ran as the candidate of the American Independent Party in 1968 and won five states in the South.

The Impact of the Activities of Quacks on the Practice of Real Estate

THE IMPACT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF QUACKS ON THE PRACTICE OF REAL ESTATE PROFESSION IN NIGERIA. BY OREAGBA . K. OMOTOKE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE indispensableness FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (HONS) IN ESTATE direction DEPARTMENT OF ESTATE MANAGEMENT JANUARY, 2011. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Background to the Study The nonion of proism is based upon a pr fleckiti matchlessr in whatsoever(prenominal) vocational subject field to serve non unaccompanied his client touch only in addition the society at large.This implies the need to maintain a soaring degree of ethical responsibility and short-changeduct, beca expenditure integrity essential be the watch intelligence service for each business. Thus the attainment of professional status involves a discipline of study, a compilation of knowledge and a basis of trust pair with pr work come onical experience. However, the more diversified the field of utilize, the less identically it becomes for hi gh professional calculates and standards to be maintained and in that respectfore country sureness in limited piece of tail present problems. manner can be bootred to as the c be of representing or providing a offseticular service for people or organizations while an f operationor is a psyche who acts on behalf of an early(a) with complaisance to a particular doing, withal an divisor as somebody who offici in every(prenominal)y represents somebody else in line or somebody who provides a particular service for an different. On the other hand, objective ground of the authoritativem,in panopticdefinition, refers to surface ara and everything fixed permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one(a)s use up therein. In law, the word legitimate, as it relates to belongings, inwardness area as distinguished from ersonal space and the three earths is de bookd as the engagement one has in property. Valuers, Appraisers and solid ground promot ers figure 1981 defined landed dry land theatrical get along as performing or confirming oneself surface to the public as ready to act, for a commission, fee, reward or other consideration, as an federal means in respect of the deal or other disposal of land and twists and of all interest therein or the purchase or other acquisition of land and buildings and of whatsoever interest therein or in respect of the leasing or letting of land and buildings and of every interest therein.Ibiyode(2009) in an inter work out with the Saturday Tribune refers to an untrained and un narrationed extremity of the Nigerian first appearance of E say Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV) practising body politic means as a quack. Over the forms, real the three grounds style blueprint has witnessed the influx of both(prenominal) professionals and non-professionals alike. translateed solid ground Surveyors and Valuers, lawyers that serve as solicitors, property consultants, mortgage i nstitutions, land vendors and uneducated intermediaries are found in res publica obtaining business concern (Opalana, 2009).Akomolede (2006) hazards the point that it is only idle and unsuccessful lawyers who leave their own profession to dabble into ground style. He further explained that butchers, mechanics, drivers, accountants, lawyers, teachers, students, security guards, level idle housewives and just ab by anybody can dabble into the utilization for the purpose of earning a commission.Statistics derived by Akpoyibo ( 2009) shows that in the past 5 to 8 familys, fraudsters, operating at a lower place(a) the showing of farming developers, ground constituents, property consultants and management, among other business urinates, spend a penny taken over the city of Lagos, duping and pitch misery and confusion into the lives of their victims. Some of their methods are quite sophisticated, they would place advertisements in the print and electronic media, use b ill wits and even print hand bills to announce vacancies for flats, self-contained apartments to let or even land and houses for change (Akpoyibo, 2009).This situation has seriously bear oned the image of practicing Estate Surveyors whereby owners of properties reserve handed over gross gross sales and lettings of their diametrical properties to ingredients who in most deterrent examples are non re unresistant and do not scram effective rights to carry out such(prenominal) activities and who cannot follow up the monitor and proper maintenance of their clients properties.In such cases the owner of the properties is at risk of bad tenant and poor maintenance which results in liberation of clients funds. In the course of reading all this, the query worker was prompted to find out in what way has the activities of quacks viewed Real Estate affair with special focus on real the three landed estates assurance and property dealingss in Lagos Island and its environs due to its high volume of letting and sales achievements. 1. 2. Statement of Research ProblemAccording to Akomolede (2006), the biggest problem facing the estate agency business in Nigeria today is the absence of polity, there is no enabling law infra which estate components are registered and manageled the danger is that the profession in its present state yields for the intrusion of all kinds of quacks. Another main problem with the current system is that there is no requirement to belong to a regulatory body in order to set up and dedicate as an element.Estate elements may choose to become members of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors or the case Association of Estate Agents, and its a nigh(a) idea to check for their membership of these bodies when choosing one to work on your behalf. Crime Watch investigations create in the PM news (17th September, 2009) revealed that most of the properties advertised for rent or lease do not exist, and where they exist, people are joining hundreds of other victims to line the greedy pockets of these criminals.It was overly revealed that between last year and today, over 1,000 house seekers in Lagos State fall in been duped by these con men, while several millions of naira has been lost. Some families take in lost their entire life savings and some have faced destitution through the activities of these rogues. This studys greatest concern is the fact that more and more house seekers are falling into the hands of these quacks and several millions of naira is fraudulently collected on a workaday basis from Lagosians. The major questions this study intends to answer therefore include i.What laws have been in place to control the activities of quacks in Nigeria? ii. What are the effects of quacks on Real Estate lend oneself ? iii. What can be make to minimize their activities? 1. 3. Aim and Objectives of Study The aim of this research is to study the impact of the activities of quacks on the enfo rce of real estate profession in Nigeria, with particular reference to Lagos Island property market. In achieving the aim of this study, the specific objectives are to i. Examine the laws relating to the practice of estate agency in Nigeria. ii.Asertain peculiar effects of quacks on practice of estate agency in the study area. iii. Identify slipway to minimize the activities of quacks to enhance Real estate practice. 1. 4. logical implication of the Study Several writers have partly examined the impacts and effects of quacks on estate agency practice. In comparison to their individual studies, this study will examine all aspect of empiricism related activity by identifying who these quacks are, also by examining the laws that regulates the practice of estate agency as well as suggesting possible solutions to this menace.This go out will serve as an incentive especially to students currently studying estate management and for those whose military capability would be estate agenc y because it will assist in properly orienting them as propective estate surveyors, and also to the public letting them know who they can relate with and how to identify Estate Surveyors and Valuers. This study is also important because it would reveal the activities of quacks/non-professionals in estate agency, thus enabling the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to be in a good position to fashion out new codes of conduct for its members and find shipway of dealing with quacks.This research is to enable the readers on a lower floorstand why and how these quacks operate on a lower floor the covering of estate developers, estate agents, property consultants and management, this is because it has been come acrossd by Crime Watch investigations that these quacks have taken over the city of Lagos, duping and pitch misery and confusion into the lives of their victims. A detailed study that would undergo the complete research requirements would no dubiousness mini mize, if not eradicate the activities of quacks in estate agency practice.This is what this study intends to achieve in addition to promoting patriotism of agency surveyors in the property market. This research will go a long way in abolishing the activities of quacks and also letting the public know who specifically they can relate with and how to identify them, also forbid the public from entering into wrong hands. 1. 5. Scope of the Study No matter how ambitious a researcher could be, no single study can be all encompassing. Hence, study limits have to be defined clearly. In this view his study focuses on the the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of Real Estate Profession in Nigeria. Estate agency is choosen amongst other aspects of real estate profession, because the other aspects of the profession needs licensing onwards one can dress, basically an eatate agent do not need professional qualifications to practice. Also the activities of the quacks affect more people at the lower rung of social and economic ladder. However, meter constraint does not concede for the coverage of the entire country.For this reason, the scope of this research is restricted to Lagos Island, because it is know to be a commercial message area and it plays host to the main organisation buildings, shops and offices. Lagos Island contains a central business district and this district is characterized by high-rise buildings where all sort of activities take place, most commercial and financial businesses are transacted and also where different professionals are based, and also because it is vast and has a lot of estate quicks within the area. 1. 6. Study Area Lagos Island contains a central business district.This district is characterized by high-rise buildings. The island also contains many of the citys largest wholesale market places (such as the popular Idumota and Balogun markets). It also has the National Museum of Nigeria, a Central mosque, Glover Memori al Hall, Christs Cathedral (CMS), and the Oba palace. Though formerly in derelict condition, the Tinubu Square on the island is a site of historical importance it was here that the amalgamation ceremonial that unified the Northern and Southern protectorates to form Nigeria took place in 1914.Lagos Island is the headspring and central local government area of the Metropolitan Lagos in Nigeria. It is part of the Lagos Division. According to 2006 Nigerian census, the Local Government Area (LGA) had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8. 7 km?. The Local Government Area (LGA) only covers the horse opera half of Lagos Island the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of Eti-Osa Local Government Area (LGA). The Island has continued to rapidly develop and is a favourite spot for Nigerians and foreigners to live and play.However the influx of banks and other commercial ventures has changed the formerly serene atmosphere of the Island. Today, Lagos Island is one of Nigerias busiest ce ntres of banking and commerce, with most Nigerian and international corporations headquartered on the Island. Study Area Fig. 1 occasion of the Local Government Areas of Lagos with study area highlighted. Source wikimedia (2006). Map showing the 16 LGAs making up Metropolitan Lagos. note that Metropolitan Lagos is a statistical area and not an administrative entity unlike Lagos State. 1. 7. Limitations of the study.The research is designed such that it identifies the impact of the activities of quacks on the practice of real estate profession and also hypnotism solutions so identified. However, the limitation of the research is borne on the fact that covering the entire state was not possible, thus, an area was selected for the purpose of this research. Other limitations include financial constraints, succession constraints, transportation problems, limited exeat from the school premises and the grade populace in giving information as regards the subject matter. 1. 8. Definitio n of termsIn a study of this nature, it is considered necessity and desirable to define key terms with a view to clarifying both operational and plastic definitions to avoid ambiguity. Constructive definition involves substituting the concept or construct of the term we are shaping with other concepts or constructs, the operational definition requires that the concept or construct be assigned a example of meaning which the researcher indispensabilitys to carry throughout the study. Agent An agent, broadly defined, is a mortal who affects the lawful relations of another soulfulness, called the hint.The agent can affect the legal relations of the sensation in several ways but does so primarily through entering into contractual relationships on behalf of the principal. If, for example, A (as agent) enters into a contract with X on behalf of P (the principal), A having disclosed to X that she is playing on behalf of P, the contract will be a contract between X and P (and not a contract between X and A). The principal can also be vicariously liable for the torts committed by the principals agent.Estate agent is a somebody that represents some other psyche in property or land dealings. He could provide land and property related work which moslty include the sales, letting or management of land and buildings. An agent that specialises in Letting/Sales work is called an agency surveyor. Principal is one who authorises and controls the doings of the estate agent. In commercial law, a principal is a soul legal or naturalwho authorizes an agent to act to create one or more legal relationships with a deuce-ace fellowship.Disclosed principal is a class of principal, where at the time of the trans achievement make by the Agent with the Third Party, the latter knows that the mortal he is dealing with is playacting as an Agent and also knows the Principals identity. Partially disclosed principal is a class of principal where, at the time of the achievement , the Third Party knows that the person he is dealing with is acting as an Agent acting but does not know the Principals identity and undisclosed principal, the person acting as an Agent represents is acting on their own behalf and does not disclose the initiation of the agency relationship.This is usually because the Principal is sozzled and cogitates that bills can be saved on the proposed deal if their involvement is hidden. Quack is soul who pretends to have a professional knowledge (which he does not possess), he is also a person who mostly claims to have knowledge in real estate while he does not. He has not undergone any professional learn and naturally will not work in the capacity of a theatre director Property is any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of persons.Important widely recognized types of property include real property (land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (prop erty owned by legal persons or business entities), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc), although the latter is not always as widely recognized or enforce. 1. 9.Chapter epitome In chapter one, a vivid introduction of the research work was prone by exploring the background to the study, suppressy of research problem including research questions, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, study area, limitations of the study and the definition of terms. The next Chapter is a review of relevant literature on the subject of study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 IntroductionDescribing quackery as one of the greatest challenges confronting estate surveyors in the state, Nemieboka (2010) revealed that quacks infiltrate the estate profession through the practice of estate agency which is one of the major aspect of the profession wher eby the professional represents either the buyer or marketer in law and rating and transport his client on how best to go about the business in the property market. Apparently, the business of estate agency has become an all-comers affair, opening a water gate of quacks.These quacks are allowed such liberty because the house owners are not adversely affected by their activities since they believe that in the long run, they get whatever accrues to them as rent, rather effortlessly, leaving tenants to bear the financial brunt (Amaku and Ogunleye, 2010). because the literature reviewed includes, the creation of estate agency, the types of estate agency,the duties and termination of estate agency, the different laws governing estate agency, code of conduct for estate agents, the activities of quacks, factors responsible for the emergence of quacks and also the steps to becoming an estate surveyor. . 2. Estate Agency Relationship Fillmore, hessian Robert (2003) in their works identi fied that principal-agent relationship evolved from master-servant relationship under English normal law. In that relationship, the servant owed abosolute loyalty to the master. This loyalty replaced the servants personal intrests as well as any loyalty the servant might owe to others. In a mordern day agency relationship, the agent owes the principal similar loyalty.The agent is regarded as expert on whom the principal can rely for specialised professional advice. Estate agency can be draw as a relationship resulting from an symmetry authorising an agent to represent, act for and be subject to control of a principal in dealing with a third caller. They went further to explain that estate agency involves the buying, selling, letting and leasing of intrests in land and property on behalf of others which applies to all types of real estate namely residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural.ACCA F4 merged and Business Law (2010) contributed to agency relationship, and define s an agent as a person (or company) that acts on behalf of a principal. This means that in the estate agency relationship, the agent is acting on behalf of another rather than in their own right. Third parties Agent Principal Source ACCA F4 unified and Business Law (2010). Since the agent is not acting on his/ her own behalf, any contracts that the agent negotiates on behalf of the agent have this effect Third parties Principal Source ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010)This means that all the rights and obligations of any contract negotiated by the agent are rights and obligations of the principal and the third parties. Principal and agent relationship in law is a voluntary legal relationship between 2 parties whereby one, the agent, is original by bring or implied consent to act on behalf of the other, called the principal. The designated agent can thus affect or conduct the legal affairs of the principal with others, as in the case of the agreement cognize as force pla y of attorney.The authorized acts of the agent are thus considered to be the acts of the principal, who is authorise to the benefits, if any, from these actions. The relationship differs from that of master and servant in that the agent is the representative, as well as the employee, of the principal (Microsoft Encata (2008). Dave (2010) is of the opinion that agency is the special relationship whereby one person (agent) agrees on behalf of another (principal) to dissolve a contract between the principal and a third party.The most common agency relationships are Buyers Agency in a buyers agency relationship, the buyer is considered the client. Sellers Agency a sellers agency relationship represents the seller in the transaction and the seller is considered the client. Dual Agency In a dual agency, an agent represents both buyer and seller in a single transaction and carries fiduciary responsibilities to both principals Any person who has legal capacity to make contracts can saddl e an agent, who in turn must be of legal age and of sound mind.A corporation or a partnership, as well as an individual, can be either principal or agent. The agent may be establish by actual agreement, or may be acknowledged as such by actions on his or her and a principals part indicating such a mutual agreement. Obligations of the agent vary correspond to the particular agreement with the principal, who is generally required to act by specific instructions and is held responsible for unconventional acts of the agent only when they fall within the scope of the legal contract.The agent, besides be paying(a) for work, is entitled to reimbursement for particular expenses. 2. 3. Historical Background of Estate Agency The precise origin of estate agency is windlessness a subject of controversy and a little cloudy. Some belive it originated from lawyers who were responsible for the drafting of lease and conveyances in respect of dwelling houses and agricultural land but no concre te evidence as to the genuineness of any precise origin exists (Olayinka, 2010). From researches, many belive that estate agency emerged from the profession of law i. attorney who real the autioneering sides of their practices but this was refuted by ash tree (1958) who states that estate agency grew from old auctioneers who were chattel men ( but sure also agricultural auctioners) who turned eagerly to the exiciting prospect of selling big landed estates and that the position estate agent was coined to describe the parctitioner who did more of selling and buying than auctioneering. This is basically true because throughout the country one can readily identify firms of estate agents that grew directly from this source and who will still combine the sale of real roperty with earlier skills which still go a great deal further than autioneering (Jacobus, Charles, and Bruce, 1998). The duty by great land owners of persons to oversee their holdings, deal with tenure, rentals and man y other matters on behalf of their lords goes far back to the Norman conquest. It could be argued that the stewards were agmonst the progenitor of todays general practitioners and as most of todays practising estate agents can be so described as being one of the origins from which they sprang.Yet they really operated as managing agents and could not be said to have operated in a free and open market therefore estate agency was then practiced by a priviledged few. Real estate practice grew out of Englands industrial development and it is the upheaval of the ordinal century with its redistribution of ownership and its multiplication of problems affecting property that can be traced to the vocation of auctioneers and estate agents (Stephens, 1981). Ash (1958) write on the first auctioneer suggested that real estate activities originated and developed with Christopher Cook of the great piazza in Covent Garden.His first sale announcement which was entirely devoted to land appeared in the London evening post in April 1740, following this he built a considerable practise. Real estate practice grew out of England industrial development and it is the upheaval of the nineteeth century with its redistribution of ownership and its multiplication of problems affecting property that can be traced to the vocation of auctioners and estate agents (Olayinka, 2010). He went further to state that in the eighteenth century, the conditions govering the possesion of real estate were vastly different from those prevailing today. vote outowners were an exclusive and priviledged and certainly limited class so far, land ever-changing hands with any frequency was held for most move in large estate and by the very(prenominal) families from generation. Therefore the real estate was free from modern perplexities (Ash, 1958). Fillmore, Wellington &Robert (2003) maintained that common law, law of agency is the basic framework of the law that governs the legal responsibilities of the est ate agents to the people they represent. The fundamental of agency law has remained largely unchanged for hundreds of years.However the application of the law has changed dramatically, particuarly in residential transaction and especially in recent years. Oni (2009) in his book, Real Estate Marketing revealed that in recent times in Nigeria, a number of professional bodies have been formed, the oldest recognizable one is the Royal instal Of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) founded in 1868 as the institute of surveyors. As the name implies, the early members were limited to those whose task it was to survey land and to oversee, radical on and manage the land.Membership of RICS are professionals in the feild of Estate Surveying and Valuation, Land surveying and Quantity Surveying. The organised body recognised for the rule of practise of estate agency in Nigeria is the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV). The practitioners are referred to as Estate Surveyors and Valuers. However, the corporate affairs commission regards estate agency as a business concern and classifies it under general business practice.This has partly accounted for why non- professionals, otherwise called quacksengage in the practice of estate agency without regulation. According to Stephens (1981), there is a high level of statisfaction with the go rendered by estate agents. If changes occurs, it might be in form of fewer or larger firms and computerisation in the future. 2. 4. Creation of Agency Creation of agency is viewed by Oni (2009) which is seen in two major ways Expressly, By implication. Express creation perhaps oraly made or could be done in writing, usually under seal.A form of written instruction power of attorney is usually granted. This is an authorization to act on someone elses behalf in a transaction involving land or land and building. Implied creation of agency can come in three ways By Estoppel, by ratification and by necessity. By estoppel it mea ns that one can be pictured as an agent of another person. This type is of limited character and is sometimes known as agency by estoppel because parties bound by contract are prevented or estopped by law, or by conduct, from denying the existence of the agency.By ratification, this is permised on the equal dignity rule. The rule is a principle of law that requires an authorization for someone performing certain acts for another person to have been appointed with the same formality and required for the act the representative is going to perform. By necessity occurs when a situation arises in emergency condition where a person is obliged to act in order to prevent irrepearable loss to another. However three conditions must be atisfied onwards this type of agency can be created It must be impracticable or impossible to communicate with the owner of the goods in order to get instructions, the agent must have acted in the best interest of the client and there must be imminent commercia l necessity. According to Fillmore, Wellington &Robert (2003) research, it shows that an agency relationship may be based on formal agreement between the parties, an express agency, or it may result from the parties behaviour, an implied agency.It is an express agency when the principal and agent enters into a contract, or an express agreement, in which the parties formally express their intention to establish an agency and state its terms and conditions. The agreement maybe either oral or written. It is an implied agency when agency is created by implied agreement. This occurs when the actions of the parties indicate that they have mutually consented to an agency.ACCA F4 Corporate and Business Law (2010) maintained that principal/agent relationship can be created in a number of ways Agreement, Ratification, Estoppel, Necessity Agreement This is the most common manner in which a principal/agent relationship comes into existence. In this situation, the agent is specifically appointed by the principal to carry out a particular task or to undertake some general function. In most situations, the meshing of the agent will itself involve the establishment of a contractual relationship between the principal and the agent but need not necessarily depend upon a contract between the parties.Ratification An agency is created by ratification when a person who has not actual authority purports to contract with a third party on behalf of a principal and the principal subsequently accepts the contract. Where the principal elects to ratify the contract, it gives retrospective validity to the action of the purported agent Estoppel This form of agency is also known as agency by holding out? and arises where the principal has led other parties to believe that a person has the authority to represent him.In such quite a little, even though no principal/agency relationship actually exists in fact, the principal is prevented (estopped) from denying the existence of the agency rela tionship and is bound by the action of his or her purported agent as regards any third party who acted in the belief of its existence. To rely on agency by estoppel, there must have been a representation by the principal as to the authority of the agent (Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd (1964)) and the party pursuance to rely on it must have relied on the representation.Necessity Agency by necessity occurs under circumstances where, although there is no agreement between the parties, an emergency requires that an agent take particular action in order to protect the interests of the principal. The usual situation which gives rise to agency by necessity occurs where the agent is in possession of the principal? s property and, due to some unforeseen emergency, the agent has to take action to safeguard that property. 2. 5. Types of AgencyFillmore, Wellington & Robert (1988) explained that one major characteristic feature of estate agency is that more than one agent m aybe involved in disposing off a particular property. This may occur whereby the owner of the property instructs more than one agent or where the agent himself appoints one or more sub- agents. This has given rise to four types of agency. i. sole Agency ii. Joint Agency iii. Sub Agency iv. Multiple Agency. Sole Agency this is when a client (house owner) appoints a single agent to dispose or let a property.However, the principal in some cases do sell the property personally despite his instruction to the agent but will not be allowed to sell through another agent especially where the sole agency is created by a valid contract. Joint Agency this arises where two agents are instructed by a principal to act jointly and cooperate in effecting the vendors instruction and share whatever fee is agreed as commission. Sub Agency this exists where the type of property desired by a client in an area is not available in the agents portfolio, thus, the principal agent appoints a firm of sub-agen ts to cooperate in the contract.Multiple Agencies this is the situation where the principal instructs several agents and each acting independently of the others with a view to reaching as large and wide market, expedite sales and procuring a better price. The winner takes all situations when it comes to commission. 2. 6. Duties and Rights of an Estate Agent Estate agents are legally obliged to put their clients intrests in a higher place anyone elses. They must keep clients information confidential and obey their clients lawful instructions. They have to report any useful information to their clients that they find out, concerning the seller or buyer.They have to account to their client for any money involved with their work. They are required to answer the principals questions to clarify their understanding of regulations and their responsibilities other parties involved. Lawdit readingroom (2006), an estate agent shall explain to every prospective party to any written offer or co ntract negotiated or procured by him in his capacity as an estate agent, prior to signature thereof by such party, the meaning and consequences of the material provisions of such offer or contract, or, if he is unable to do so, refer such party to a person who can do so. i.To obey the lawful instructions of the principal. ii. Not to delegate, sub-contract his authority. iii. Only to act within the limits of his authority (actual or ostensible). iv. Not to make a secret acquire or accept bribes. v. Not to put himself into a situation where his interests will conflict with those of his principal. vi. To use likely diligence and care, and reasonable dispatch. vii. To disclose all material facts to the principal and to refrain from divulging confidential information to third parties. viii. To account to the principal for property and money of the principal, which is under his control.Lawdit readingroom (2006) explained that the principal duties of an estate agent may be specified in t he contract between principal and agent. A qualified professional agent later on accepting an instruction from his client and concluding the basis of his contract has the following rights i. He is entitled to pay and renumeration for services rendered. ii. He must be indemified against all losses and liabilities suffered on behalf of his client and also reimbursed for expences incurred. iii. He may retain possession of his principals property untill he has been fully paid iv. Continue occupation for time period specified. 2. 7.Liabilities of an Estate Agent Acccording to Fillmore, Wellington & Robert (1988), it appears that no man longer wishes to take the slightest risk on his property and attempts to insure himself against accidents, theft, fire, flooding damage or risks arising from renting accommodation. Therefore, the subject of liability is of importance both for real estate agents and their clients. Also the severity shown towards real estate professionals constitutes the price at their success where the range of their work and professional knowledge is recognised more each day, therefore, being competent and prudent to a client is of great importance.As one is to be ever prudent, the real estate professional must act with discernment and must seek advice of many technical experts in other fields of construction before embarking upon a project with his client. The risk of each operation stage should be clearly explained for he is at the service of not just his client but also the public. By accepting an instruction with good negotiating ability, he must reflect all the obligations of the tenant and landlord or the purchaser and vendor. He must have a good knowledge of the property refer and the property market of the area he is dealing with. 2. 8.Termination of Estate Agency Subject to persona 201 of the The Indian Contract twist,1872, it explained that an agents authority can be over(p) at any time, if the trust between the agent and principal has broken down, it is not reasonable to allow the principal to remain at risk in any transaction that the agent might conclude during a period of notice. Section 201 to 210, The Indian Contract twist, 1872, provided that agency may come to an end in a variety of ways By the principal revoking the agency However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest.An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency, (iii) By the business of agency being completed (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872) The principal also cannot revoke the agents authority later it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Sec 203).Further, office 205, states that if the agency is for a fixed pe riod, the principal cannot annul the agency before the time expired, only for fitting cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill continuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent.Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). Section 207, provides that the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, till it becomes known to him and as regards third party, till the termination is known to them (Section 208). 2. 9. Comparative Study 2. 9. 1 Real Estate Agents Act 1976 (Public Act 1976 No 9) The Real Estate Agent Act 19 76 of New Zealand consists of 9 parts and 125 theatrical roles.The first Part consist of Real Estate Agents Licensing shape up, the second part addresses the Licensing of real estate agents, the third part addresses on the approval of salespersons, the quartern part consists of the duties of real estate agents, the fifth part addresses the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand incorporated, the ordinal part also addresses the Real Estate Agents Fidelity Guarantee Fund, the seventh part addresses on the disciplinal provisions of the board, the eighth part consists of the Appeals and lastly the ninth part addresses on the Miscellaneous provisions.The Estate Agents Act 1976 regulates the work of estate agents in New Zealand. The Act gives the meaning of real estate agent as any person who holds himself or herself out to the public as ready to act, for reward as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land or of businesses either with or without any interest in land) or the purchase or other acquisition of land or of businesses (either with or without any interest in land), or in respect of the leasing or letting of land, whether or not that person carries on any other business. Subject to surgical incision 34 of this Act, no person shall carry on the business of a real estate agent unless he or she is the toter of a manifest issued in unison with this Part of this Act.Every person, not being the holder of a licence, commits an disrespect and is liable to a fine not exceeding $2,000 who describes himself or herself in writing as or holds himself or herself out to be a real estate agent, or carries on business as a real estate agent, and, in addition to any fine that may be jawd, shall be liable to forfeit to Her Majesty the Queen all money received by him or her by way of commission, profit, or remuneration for any services or work performed by him or her as an unlicensed real estate agent.Subject to section 17 of this Act, every person who h as attained the age of 20 years and has passed the examinations for the time being prescribed by the Institute and has been approved by the Board for the purposes of this section or is a company or is a building society or was, at any time within 5 years before the commencemen of this Act, the holder of a real estate agents licence issued under the Real Estate Agents Act 1963 or a partner of such holder or a director or officer of a licensee company, in either case approved under section 21(2) of the Real Estate Agents Act 1963 or has surrendered a licence pursuant(predicate) to section 31 of this Act and has been approved by the Board for the purposes of this section, or is, and has been, an associate member of the Institute since before the 1st day of January 1966 and who has, at least since that age, been continuously engaged or employed as an approved salesperson by the same or different real estate agents shall be legal to hold a licence under this Act. The Act further explai ned in subsection (1) of this section, no person shall apply for or support or be eligible to hold a licence under this Act if the agent is a bankrupt and has not obtained the order of discharge, or, if the agent has obtained the order of discharge and it is suspend for a term not yet expired or is subject to conditions not yet accomplish or the agent holds practising certificate as a barrister or solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand or Every person who applies for or obtains a licence knowing that he or she is not eligible to do so under the foregoing provisions of this section commits an criminal offence. at a lower place section 67, of the real estate institute of New Zealand, every licensee shall be a member of the Institute, whether or not he or she applies for membership, notwithstanding subsection (1) of this section, such of the officers of a licensee company as the rules of the Institute provide shall be members of the Institute. If any person suspended under thi s section satisfies the Board that all fees and other payments have been paid, the Board shall cancel the suspension of that person. Section 36 provides for the purpose of the Act a Registrar shall be appointed and the record-keeper shall set up and maintain a Register of Real Estate Agents.The real estate institute of New Zealand Regulates the members of the Institute who are not holders of licences. Subject to subsection (4) of section 55, all money received by a real estate agent in respect of any transaction in his or her capacity as a real estate agent shall be paid to the person lawfully entitled thereto or as that person may in writing direct Provided that where the real estate agent is in doubt on reasonable grounds as to the person who is lawfully entitled to any such money, he or she may retain that money in his or her trust account until the person lawfully entitled has been ascertained, but shall take all reasonable steps to ascertain as soon as practicable the person so entitled.Except in pursuance of an order of a Court of competent jurisdiction or an authority signed by all the parties to the transaction, where a real estate agent receives any money (other than money received by way of rent from the letting of any land) in respect of any transaction, he or she shall not pay that money to any person for a period of 10 days after the date on which he or she received it and, if at any time while he or she holds any money on behalf of any party to the transaction he or she receives written notice of any requisitions or objections in respect of the title to any land affected by the transaction, he or she shall not at any time pay that money to any person except in pursuance of such an order or authority. In general, the principles promoted by the Act, It is a criminal offence for an un-discharged bankrupt to engage in estate agency work except as an employee of another person or as an employee of a company of which he is neither a director nor has co ntrol, it is also a criminal offence for anybody carry on the business of an estate agent, unless the agent is the holder of a licence issued in accordance with the Act. 2. 9. 2 Valuers, Appraisers And Estate Agents Act 1981 (Laws Of Malaysia Act 242). The Valuers, Appraisers And Estate Agents Act 1981 of Malaysia consists of 8 parts and 35 sections.The first Part focuses on the interpretation of terms, the second part addresses the appointment, duties and powers of director general of valuation and property services and other officers, the third part consists of the board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents, the quaternary part addresses on the registers, the fifth part addresses on the valuers and appraisers and the estate agents, the sixth part also addresses the firms, the seventh part consists of the disciplinary and other proceedings and lastly the eighth part addresses generally on offences, search by warrant,search and gaining control without warrant,list of things se ized,penalty for other offences, immunity of board, agmonsts others. The board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents regulates the works of estate agents in Malaysia. The act therefore explains estate agency practice as means of acting or holding oneself out to the public as ready to act, for a commission, fee, reward or other consideration, as an agent in respect of the sale or other disposal of land and buildings and of any interest therein or the purchase or other acquisition of land and buildings and of any interest therein or in respect of the leasing or letting of land and buildings and of any interest therein.Subject to section 22A, an estate agent can be registered if he has attained the age of 21 years and is of sound mind, good character and has not been convicted of any offence involving fraud or dishonesty or moral turpitude during the five years immediately forward the date of his application, he is not an undischarged bankrupt he satisfies the requirements of secti on 22D, he has made a declaration in the form and manner prescribed by the Board, he has paid the fees prescribed by the Board and he is not under suspension from valuation or estate agency practice nor has his name been cancelled from the Register. Subject to the provisions of this Act, section 22B explaines that a registered estate agent who has been issued with an authority to practise by the Board shall be entitled to practise his profession and shall be important to undertake estate agency practice. Subject to subsection (2), no registered estate agent shall carry on property management.According to section 22C No person shall unless he is a registered estate agent and has been issued with an authority to practise under section 16 is allowed to practise or carry on business or take up employment under any name, style or title containing the words estate agent, house agent, property agent, land agent, house broker or the equivalent thereto, in any language or bearing any other word whatsoever in any language which may reasonably be construed to think of that he is a registered estate agent, he is also not allowed to display any signboard, or use, lot or circulate any card, letter, pamphlet, leaflet, notice or any form of advertisement, implying either directly or indirectly that he is a registered estate agent, an estate agent is not allowed to offer for sale or invite offers to purchase any land, building and any interest therein irrespective of whether such land, building and interest is located within Malaysia or outside Malaysia Provided that where foreign properties are to be marketed in Malaysia, such offer or invitation shall be made by or through an estate agent practising and residing in Malaysia. An estate agent is qualified when he has complied with section 22D of the Act which states that, any person who has passed the examinations prescribed by the Board or who has obtained qualifications which the Board recognizes as equivalent to such exa minations may apply to the Board to be registered as a probationary estate agent.A probationary estate agent shall be required to obtain the practical experience and to pass the Test of overlord Competence prescribed by the Board or any equivalent test or examination recognized by the Board. Where a probationary estate agent has complied with the requirements of subsection (3), he may apply to the Board to have his name entered in the Register. Under section 24, if an estate agent has contravened or failed to comply with any of the provisions of this Act or of any of the rules made thereunder and has been found fineable by the Board of any professional mess up or of any act or conduct which in the opinion of the Board is infamous or disgraceful, the board shall suspending his practice for a eriod not exceeding three years or imposing a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit and recording such fine in the appropriate Register and that he be suspended from practice until the fine is paid. The valuers, appraisers and estate agents act 1981 regulates the affairs of estate agents in malaysia and the act is regulated by the board of valuers, appraisers and estate agents. The board in general does not allow the practise of unregistered estate agent unless he is registered under the board as an estate agent and actions are taken when a registered estate agent fails to complie with the provisions of the act . In other words, estate agency in malaysia is recognised under the valuers, appraisers and estate agents act 1981. 2. 9. 3 Estate Agents Act 1980 (Austraila)Estate Agents Act 1980 of Austraila comprises of 9 parts and 102 sections. The first part writes on the introduction and definitions, the second part consists of the Estate Agents Council, the third part addresses licences of estate agents , the fourth part consists of the agents and agents representatives, the fifth part addresses builders and subdividers of land, the sixth part consists of accounts, audit and monitoring of estate agency business, the seventh part addresses victorian property fund, the eighth part consists of miscellaneous and lastly the ninth part addresses on transitional and savings. The activities of an estate agent is regulated by the estate agents council.Section 6B of the act states the functions of the council, to monitor the operation of this Act and the regulations, also to monitor the provision of services by estate agents and developments in the real estate industry generally and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of any procedures set up to deal with disputes between estate agents or between estate agents and persons dealing with estate agents relating to services or the charging of commission. Subject to section12 of this Act an individual shall not either by himself or as a member of partnership exercise or carry on or advertise notify or state that he exercises or carries on or is willing to exercise or carry on the business of an estate agent, or act as an estate agent, or in any way hold himself out to the public as ready to undertake for payment or other remuneration (whether financial or otherwise) any of the functions of an estate agent unless he is a licensed estate agent.A person (other than a corporation) under section14 shall not be eligible to be granted an estate agents licence unless he is not less than eighteen years of age and he has passed any courses of instruction or examinations prescribed by the regulations and during the 3 years immediately before applying for the licence been engaged in full-time employment as an agents representative for not less than one year or for periods amounting in the aggregate to one year or part-time employment as an agents representative for not less than the equivalent of one year of full-time employment or for periods amounting in the aggregate to the equivalent of one year of full-time employment or he has within the period of five years immediately preceding his applic ation held an estate agents licence or she or he has met any other requirements establishing competency set out in the regulations.Therefore Despite subsection (1), a person is eligible to be granted an estate agents licence if he or she satisfies the Authority that he or she has been licensed or otherwise authorised under the laws of another place or country to carry on a business in that place or country and also he has an adequate knowledge of Victorian estate agency law, practice and procedure, including accounting. Subject to section16 a person is eligible to be employed as an agents representative if she or he is at least 18 years of age and has passed any prescribed courses of instruction or examination and has not, within the last 10 years in Australia or elsewhere, been convicted or had found turn up against him or her any offence involving fraud, dishonesty, drug trafficking or violence which was punishable by imprisonment for 3 months or more.Section 99 gives the power t o the Governor in Council to may make regulations, requiring estate agents to give consumers of their services information in relation to those services in a form specified by the regulations or approved by the Director and the responsibilities of the officer in effective control of the estate agency business of a licensed estate agent that is a corporation with respect to the supervision and control of that business. 2. 9. 4 The Estate Agents Act (Chapter 533) Kenya Estate Agents Act cap 533 of Kenya comprises of 7 parts and 27 sections. The first part writes on preliminary and interpretation of terms, the second part consists of the establishment of the board, the third part addresses the registrar and the register, the fourth part consists of the registration of estate agents, the fifth part addresses restriction on practice, the sixth part consists regulation of conduct and lastly the seventh part addresses miscellaneous provisions. The activities of estate agents in kenya is re gulated by the Estate Agents Registration Board.The Board shall be charged with the responsibility of registering estate agents and of ensuring that the competence and conduct of practicing estate agents are of a standard sufficiently high to ensure the protection of the public, and for that purpose may exercise the powers conferred, and shall perform the duties imposed, upon the Board by the provisions of this Act. Estate agents are registered by the baord under sections 67, the Minister shall appoint a public officer as the registrar of the Board whoshall keep and maintain a register in which the name of every Person accepted by the Board for registration under this Act shall be entered showing the date of the entry in the register, the address of the person registered and the qualifications of the person. The register shall be published in the Gazette, at the beginning of each year, a list containing the names, addresses and qualifications of all registered estate agents.Subject to part iv (section13) of the Act, a person who is a citizen of Kenya shall be entitled, on making application to the Board to be registered under this Act and have his name enter in the register if he is a member of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya, or a corporate member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and he is qualified to be or is a member of the Institution of Surveyors of Kenya or the holder of a degree, diploma or license from any university or college or school which is recognized for the time being by the Board or a person who is the holder of a degree, diploma or license of a university or college or school or a member of an institution the membership of which is recognized for the time being by the Board as furnishing sufficient evidence of an adequate academic training for practice as an estate agent and has had, to the satisfaction of the Board, practical post-qualification experience in such practice of not less than two years of which not less tha n six months has been in Kenya. Notwithstanding the fact that he has sufficient qualifications under subsection (1), the Board may require an applicant for registration as an estate agent under this Act to satisfy if that his professional and general conduct has been such that, in the opinion of the Board, he is a fit and proper person to be registered under this Act and the Board may direct the registrar to postpone the registration of an applicant until it is so satisfied.Part v (section 18) of the Act writes on the restriction on practice and it states that no individual shall practice as an estate agent unless he is a registered estate agent also no partnership shall practice as estate agents unless all the partners whose activities include the doing of acts by way of such practice are registered estate agents, therefore any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand shillings to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both. Under section 23, if a registered estate agent is convicted of an offence under this Act or is after due inquiry found to have been guilty of an act or omission contrary to the public interest or amounting to professional misconduct the Board will have his registration under the Act suspended or caution the person and may also order that such caution shall be entered on the register or impose a fine not exceeding five thousand shillings upon that person or Order that the name of the person shall be deleted from the register.The comparative study on the laws of the different countries shows that estate agents are recognised in their respective institutions and the activities of an estate agent is regulated by the respective Boards or Councils. However in Nigeria, estate agency activities are not regulated by any legislatilon. In addtion, there are no provisions for regulating estate agent activities by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers registration Board in Nigeria and the regulating law of Estate Surveying and Valuation profession Estate Surveyors and Valuers (Registration, ETC. ) Act 1975 of Nigeria did not make any provisions for regulating how estate agency should be practised in Nigeria. Subject to section 18 of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (Registration, ETC. ) Act, 1975, every Estate Surveyor and Valuer shall be ssued with a Seal and Stamp on registration and all professional duties performed by and/or emanating from his office or under his hand shall bear the Stamp and Seal issued by the Board. 2. 10. The Real Estate Profession The Estate Surveyor and Valuer is any person punctually registered by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON) to practice the profession of Estate Surveying and Valuation throughout the Federation of Nigeria. ESVARBON as established by the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Act No. 24 of 1975 (now majuscule HI Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 1990) i s the regulatory body of the Estate Surveying and Valuation profession in Nigeria, and the only body legally authorized to register persons fit and qualified to practice the profession.Therefore practices in the profession constitutes Land Economy, Real Estate and Allied Matters, Valuation and Apprasial of Plant, Machinery and Business Assets, Land and Facilities Management, Building Maintenance, Property Development and Investment, as well as Land Administration Systems. The professional duties of the Estate Surveyor and Valuer in practice as enunciated by the Nigerian institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV), which is the umbrella association for all Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Nigeria include 1. determine the value of all descriptions of landed property and of the various interests therein 2. Managing and developing Real Estates and business concerned with the Management of landed property. 3. Securing the optimal use of land and its associated resources to meet so cial and economic needs. 4.Surveying the structure and conditions of buildings and their services and advising on their maintenance alteration and improvement. 5. Determining the economic use of resources of the construction industry and the Financial assessment and measurement of construction work. 6. Selling (whether by Public Auction or otherwise) buying or letting, as an agent, real or personal property or any interests therein, and to maintain and promote the usefulness of the profession for the public advantage. 2. 10. 1Requirements for Qualification as an Estate Surveyor and Valuer The practice of estate agency is a very delicated one, anyone who is an estate agent must be a professional in the practice and the set rules which regulate and guide the conduct of the practitioners.Therefore a professional estate agent is expected to keep and maintain a high degree of inteligence, honesty, competence and ethical responsibility standard for integrity is the watchword of estate ma nagement practice in general. A professional estate agent must have undergone a period of training in the field of estate management, passing five Ordinary Level credits in subjects like Mathematics, English Language, Economics and two science subjects which would facilitate an admission to study Estate Management in accredited polytechnics or universities. After the completion of either Higher National Diploma (HND) or a B. Sc degree in Estate Management, a graduate HND holder, from an accredited polytechnic, will sit for the Professional Qualifying Examination Stage 3 (PQE 3) while graduates of non-accredited university or polytechnic will sit for PQE 2.Success in the PQE examination will enhance participation in the Professional Practice Examination (PPE) which will be followed by the writing of a Critical Analysis subject to the approval of a synopsis. The Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and the Critical Analysis writing stage, however, is the entry point for a universit y graduate with a B. Sc degree in Estate Management. Those that scaled through the Critical Analysis Stage (either through HND or B. Sc entry point) will now face the Membership Committee of the NIESV for an interview to become an yoke Member of the body and, thereafter, apply for full registration with the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON) in accordance with decree 24 of 1975.Lastly, such an associate would be registered by the Board (ESVARON) and during the course of registration, would be interviewed and if sucessful, given a seal. It is at this point one can be called a full- fledge valuer and carry out valuation without supervision. The professional estate agent goes beyond buying, selling and leasing of intrest in land and landed properties. He is bound to be deligent, honest and in a position to educate his client on the type of property to buy, be able to negotiate and have innovative thinking. Amongst other things, the estate agent shoul d have the knowledge of all other fi